Salticidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Sectio: Dionycha
Superfamilia: Salticoidea

Familia: Salticidae
Subfamiliae: Onomastinae – Asemoneinae – Lyssomaninae – Spartaeinae – Euophryinae – Eupoinae – Freyinae – Hisponinae – Salticinae
Genera incertae sedis

Afromarengo – Anokopsis – Avaruarachne – Bulolia – Cavillator – Cheliceroides – Eburneana – Eupoa – Galianora – Gambaquezonia – Gavarilla – Ghumattus – Gramenca – Grayenulla – Haplopsecas – Hasarina – Hinewaia – Huntiglennia – Imperceptus – Indomarengo – Jajpurattus – Judalana – Lamottella – Langerra – Lapsias – Lechia – Leikung – Madhyattus – Magyarus – Mashonarus – Meata – Mikrus – Mogrus – Nandicius – Necatia – Nigorella – Nimbarus – Nungia – Onofre – Orissania – Paraphilaeus – Paraplatoides – Platypsecas – Rishaschia – Saraina – Similaria – Soesiladeepakius – Soesilarishius – Stichius – Thrandina – Toticoryx – Udalmella – Ugandinella – Xuriella – Yacuitella – †Attoides – †Eoattopsis – †Gorgopsina – †Steneattus

Lapsias group ("lapsiines"): Galianora – Lapsias – Thrandina
Overview of genera
a

Abracadabrella – Acragas – Admestina – Admesturius – Adoxotoma – Aelurillus – Afraflacilla – Afrobeata – Afromarengo – Agelista – Agobardus – Agorius – Aillutticus – Akela – Albionella – Alcmena – Alfenus – Allococalodes – Allodecta – Amatorculus – Amphidraus – Amycus – Anarrhotus – Anasaitis – Anaurus – Ancepitilobus – Anicius – Anokopsis – Antillattus – Aphirape – Apricia – Arachnomura – Arachnotermes – Araegeus – Araneotanna – Arasia – Arnoliseus – Artabrus – Aruana – Aruattus – Asaphobelis – Asaracus – Ascyltus – Asemonea – Ashtabula – Asianellus – Astia – Astilodes – Atelurius – Athamas – Atomosphyrus – Attidops – Attulus – Augustaea – Avarua – Avitus –
b

Bacelarella – Bagheera – Ballognatha – Ballus – Balmaceda – Banksetosa – Baryphas – Bathippus – Bavia – Baviola – Beata – Belippo – Belliena – Bellota – Bianor – Bindax – Bocus – Bokokius – Brancus – Breda – Bredana – Brettus – Bristowia – Bryantella – Bulolia – Burmattus – Bythocrotus –
c

Canama – Capeta – Capeyorkia – Capidava – Carabella – Caribattus – Carrhotus – Cavillator – Ceglusa – Cembalea – Ceriomura – Cerionesta – Chalcolecta – Chalcoscirtus – Chalcotropis – Chapoda – Charippus – Cheliceroides – Cheliferoides – Chinattus – Chinophrys – Chinoscopus – Chira – Chirothecia – Chloridusa – Chrysilla – Clynotis – Clynotoides – Cobanus – Cocalodes – Cocalus – Coccorchestes – Colaxes – Colyttus – Commoris – Compsodecta – Consingis – Copocrossa – Corambis – Corcovetella – Coryphasia – Corythalia – Cosmophasis – Cotinusa – Cucudeta – Curubis – Cylistella – Cyllodania – Cynapes – Cyrba – Cytaea –
d

Damoetas – Darwinneon – Dasycyptus – Dendroicius – Dendryphantes – Depreissia – Descanso – Dexippus – Diagondas – Dinattus – Diolenius – Diplocanthopoda – Dolichoneon – Donaldius – Donoessus – Drizztius – Druzia –
e

Eburneana – Echeclus – Echinussa – Edilemma – Edwardsya – Efate – Emathis – Empanda – Encolpius – Encymachus – Enoplomischus – Epeus – Epidelaxia – Epocilla – Erasinus – Ergane – Erica – Eris – Euochin – Euophrys – Eupoa – Euryattus – Eustiromastix – Evarcha –
f

Featheroides – Festucula – Flacillula – Fluda – Frespera – Freya – Frigga – Fritzia – Fuentes – Furculattus –
g

Galianora – Gambaquezonia – Gangus – Gastromicans – Gavarilla – Gedea – Gelotia – Ghelna – Ghumattus – Giuiria – Goleba – Goleta – Gorgasella – Gramenca – Grayenulla – Gypogyna –
h

Habrocestoides – Habrocestum – Habronattus – Hakka – Haplopsecas – Harmochirus – Hasarina – Hasarinella – Hasarius – Havaika – Helicius – Heliophanillus – Heliophanoides – Heliophanus – Helpis – Helvetia – Hentzia – Heratemita – Hermotimus – Hindumanes – Hinewaia – Hispo – Hisukattus – Holcolaetis – Holoplatys – Homalattus – Huntiglennia – Hurius – Hyctiota – Hyetussa – Hyllus – Hypaeus – Hypoblemum –
i

Icius – Idastrandia – Ilargus – Imperceptus – Indomarengo – Iona – Iranattus – Irura – Itata –
j

Jacksonoides – Jajpurattus – Jaluiticola – Jollas – Jotus – Judalana – Junxattus –
k

Kakameganula – Kalcerrytus – Kima – Klamathia – Kupiuka –
l

Lagnus – Lakarobius – Lamottella – Langelurillus – Langerra – Langona – Lapsias – Laufeia – Lauharulla – Lechia – Leikung – Lepidemathis – Leptathamas – Leptofreya – Leptorchestes – Letoia – Leuserattus – Ligdus – Ligonipes – Ligurra – Longarenus – Lophostica – Lurio – Lycidas – Lyssomanes – Lystrocteisa –
m

Mabellina – Macaroeris – Macopaeus – Macutula – Maddisonia – Madhyattus – Maenola – Maeota – Maeotella – Maevia – Mago – Magyarus – Maileus – Malloneta – Maltecora – Mantisatta – Mantius – Maratus – Marchena – Marengo – Margaromma – Marma – Marpissa – Martella – Mashonarus – Massagris – Matagaia – Mburuvicha – Meata – Megaeupoa – Megafreya – Megaloastia – Meleon – Mendoza – Menemerus – Messua – Metacyrba – Metaphidippus – Mexcala – Mexigonus – Micalula – Microbianor – Microhasarius – Microheros – Mikrus – Mintonia – Mirandia – Modunda – Mogrus – Monaga – Monomotapa – Mopiopia – Mopsolodes – Mopsus – Muziris – Myrmarachne –
n

Nagaina – Nandicius – Nannenus – Naphrys – Napoca – Natta – Naubolus – Neaetha – Nebridia – Necatia – Neobrettus – Neon – Neonella – Nicylla – Nigorella – Nimbarus – Noegus – Nosferattus – Nungia – Nycerella –
o

Ocnotelus – Ocrisiona – Ogdenia – Ohilimia – Omoedus – Onofre – Onomastus – Opisthoncana – Opisthoncus – Orientattus – Orissania – Orsima – Orthrus – Orvilleus – Osericta –
p

Pachomius – Pachyballus – Pachyonomastus – Pachypoessa – Padilla – Palpelius – Panachraesta – Pancorius – Pandisus – Panysinus – Paracyrba – Paradamoetas – Paradecta – Paradescanso – Parafluda – Paraharmochirus – Paraheliophanus – Parahelpis – Parajotus – Paramarpissa – Paraneaetha – Paraphidippus – Paraphilaeus – Paraplatoides – Paraplexippus – Parasaitis – Parathiodina – Parnaenus – Peckhamia – Pelegrina – Pellenes – Pellolessertia – Penionomus – Pensacola (Peckham & Peckham) – Pensacolops – Peplometus – Phaeacius – Phanias – Pharacocerus – Phaulostylus – Phausina – Phiale – Phidippus – Philaeus – Philates – Philira – Phintella – Phlegra – Phyaces – Pignus – Pilia – Piranthus – Planiemen – Platycryptus – Platypsecas – Plesiopiuka – Plexippoides – Plexippus – Pochyta – Pochytoides – Poecilorchestes – Poessa – Polemus – Porius – Portia – Poultonella – Pristobaeus – Proctonemesia – Prostheclina – Proszynellus – Proszynskiana – Psecas – Pselcis – Psenuc – Pseudamycus – Pseudattulus – Pseudemathis – Pseudeuophrys – Pseudicius – Pseudocorythalia – Pseudofluda – Pseudomaevia – Pseudopartona – Pseudoplexippus – Pseudosynagelides – Ptocasius – Pystira –
r

Rafalus – Ragatinus – Rarahu – Rhene – Rhetenor – Rhombonotus – Rhondes – Rhyphelia – Rishaschia – Roeweriella – Rogmocrypta – Romitia – Rudra –
s

Saaristattus – Sadies – Saitidops – Saitis – Saitissus – Salpesia – Salticus – Sandalodes – Saphrys – Saraina – Sarinda – Sarindoides – Sassacus – Schenkelia – Scopocira – Scoturius – Sebastira – Selimus – Semiopyla – Semnolius – Semora – Semorina – Servaea – Sibianor – Sidusa – Sigytes – Siler – Siloca – Simaetha – Simaethula – Similaria – Simonurius – Simprulla – Sitticus – Sobasina – Soesiladeepakius – Soesilarishius – Sondra – Sonoita – Sparbambus – Spartaeus – Spilargis – Stagetillus – Stenaelurillus – Stenodeza – Stergusa – Stertinius – Stichius – Stoidis – Sumakuru – Sumampattus – Synageles – Synagelides – Synemosyna –
t

Tabuina – Tacuna – Taivala – Talavera – Tamigalesus – Tanybelus – Tanzania – Tara – Taraxella – Tariona – Tarkas – Tarne – Tarodes – Tartamura – Tasa – Tatari – Tauala – Telamonia – Terralonus – Thammaca – Theriella – Thianella – Thiania – Thianitara – Thiodina – Thiratoscirtus – Thorelliola – Thrandina – Thyene – Thyenillus – Thyenula – Tisaniba – Titanattus – Toloella – Tomis – Tomocyrba – Toticoryx – Triggella – Trite – Trydarssus – Tullgrenella – Tulpius – Tusitala – Tutelina – Tuvaphantes – Tylogonus –
u

Udalmella – Udvardya – Ugandinella – Uluella – Uroballus – Urogelides – Urupuyu – Uxuma –
v

Vailimia – Vatovia – Veissella – Viciria – Vinnius – Viroqua –
w

Wallaba – Wanlessia – Wedoquella – Wesolowskana –
x

Xanthofreya – Xenocytaea – Xuriella –
y

Yacuitella – Yaginumaella – Yaginumanis – Yamangalea – Yepoella – Yllenus – Yogetor –
z

Zebraplatys – Zenodorus – Zeuxippus – Zulunigma – Zuniga – Zygoballus
Name

Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Synonyms

Attidae Sundevall, 1833
Lyssomanidae G.Peckham, Peckham & W.M. Wheeler, 1888

References

Azarkina, G.N.; Foord, S.H. 2013: Redescriptions of poorly known species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from South Africa and Namibia. Zootaxa 3686(2): 165–182. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3686.2.3 Reference page.
Berry, J.W. ; J.A. Beatty & J. Proszynski, 1998: Salticidae of the Pacific Islands. III. Distribution of Seven Genera With Descriptions of Nineteen New Species and Two New Genera. The Journal of Arachnology 26 (2): 149–189. Full article: [1].
Blackwall, J. 1841. The difference in the number of eyes with which spiders are provided proposed as the basis of their distribution into tribes; with descriptions of newly discovered species and the characters of a new family and three new genera of spiders. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18: 601–670. [616]
Bustamante, A.A. & Ruiz, G.R.S. 2017. Systematics of Thiodinini (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species. Zootaxa 4362(3): 301–347. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.3.1 Reference page.
Caleb, J.T.D., Sajan, S.K. & Kumar, V. 2018. New jumping spiders from the alpine meadows of the Valley of Flowers, western Himalayas, India (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 783: 113-124. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.783.25225 Reference page.
Cao, Q., Li, S-Q. & Żabka, M. 2016. The jumping spiders from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 630: 43–104. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.630.8466. Reference page.
Edwards, G.B. 2015. Freyinae, a major new subfamily of Neotropical jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa 4036(1): 1–87. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4036.1.1. Preview (PDF) ISBN 978-1-77557-821-5 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-822-2 (Online edition) Reference page.
Gardzińska, J.; Żabka, M. 2010: A new genus and five new species of Astieae (Araneae: Salticidae) from Australia, with remarks on distribution. Zootaxa, 2526: 37–53. Preview PDF
Kammerer, C.F. 2006: Notes on some preoccupied names in Arthropoda. Acta zootaxonomica sinica, 31(2): 269–271.
Maddison, W.P. 2012a. Five new species of lapsiine jumping spiders from Ecuador (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa 3424(1): 51–65. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3424.1.3 Paywall. Reference page.
Maddison, W.P. 2016. Sumakuru, a deeply-diverging new genus of lyssomanine jumping spiders from Ecuador (Araneae: Salticidae). ZooKeys 614: 87–96. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.614.9368. Reference page.
Maddison, W.P.; Hedin, M.C. 2003: Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 529–549.
Maddison, W.P.; Bodner, M.R.; Needham, K.M. 2008: Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 1893: 49–64. Abstract & excerpt
Maddison, W.P. et al. 2014: The deep phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 440: 57–87. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.440.7891 Reference page.
Makhan, D. 2007: Soesiladeepakius aschnae gen. et sp. nov. and Soesilarishius amrishi gen. et sp. nov. from Suriname (Araneae: Salticidae). Calodema supplementary paper, (60): 1–8.
Paquin, P.; Vink, C.J.; Dupérré, N. 2010: Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key & species list. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. ISBN 9780478347050
Patoleta, B.M. 2016. Revision of the genus Rhondes Simon, 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae) from New Caledonia. Insect Systematics & Evolution 47(1): 15-31. DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-46052131. Reference page.
Patoleta, B.M. & Zabka, M.M. 2015: Proszynellus—a new jumping spider genus from Australia (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa 3926(2): 257–367. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.6. Reference page.
Proszynski, J. 2007. Monograph of the Salticidae (Araneae) of the World, version revised in part on February 12th, 2007. [2]
Richardson, B.J. 2010: A review of the jumping spider fauna (Araneae: Salticidae) of Chile. Zootaxa, 2418: 1–49. Preview
Richardson, B.J. 2016. New genera, new species and redescriptions of Australian jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa 4114(5): 501–560. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4114.5.1. Reference page.
Richardson, B.J. 2016. Erratum: BARRY J. RICHARDSON (2016) New genera, new species and redescriptions of Australian jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 4114: 501–560. Zootaxa 4144(4): 600–600. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4144.4.10. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Ruiz, G.R.S. 2010: Proposal of Kupiuka and Plesiopiuka, two new genera of jumping spiders from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Heliophaninae). Zootaxa, 2630: 57–68. Preview
Ruiz, G.R.S. & Bustamente, A.A. 2016. Edwardsya, a new genus of jumping spiders from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina). Zootaxa 4184(1): 117–129. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.1.7. Reference page.
Ruiz, G.R.S. & Maddison, W.P. 2015. The new Andean jumping spider genus Urupuyu and its placement within a revised classification of the Amycoida (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa 4040(3): 251–279. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.3.1. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Sudhin, P.P., Nafin, K.S. & Sudhikumar, A.V. 2017. Revision of Hindumanes Logunov, 2004 (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae), with description of a new species from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Zootaxa 4350(2): 317–330. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4350.2.7. Reference page.
Wang, C. & Li, S-Q. 2020. Seven new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Xishuangbanna, China. ZooKeys, 968: 43–69. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.968.55047 Open access Reference page.
Wesołowska W. 2011: New species and new records of jumping spiders from Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe (Araneae: Salticidae). Genus 22 (2): 307–346. Full article: [3].
Wesołowska, W. & Haddad, Ch.R. (2009). Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Ndumo Game Reserve, Maputaland, South Africa. African Invertebrates 50 (1): 13–103.[4]
Wesołowska W.; van Harten, 2010: Order Araneae, family Salticidae. Arthropod fauna of the UAE, 3: 27–69. [not seen]
Żabka, M. 2009: Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions: Astilodes and Urogelides, new genera from Australia. Insect systematics & evolution, 40: 349–359. DOI: 10.1163/139956009X12506607684832
Zhang, J.X. & Maddison, W.P. 2015: Genera of euophryine jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae), with a combined molecular-morphological phylogeny. Zootaxa 3938(1): 1–147. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3938.1.1. Reference page.

Additional references

Deeleman, C.L., Miller, J.A. & Floren, A. 2016. Depreissia decipiens, an enigmatic canopy spider from Borneo revisited (Araneae, Salticidae), with remarks on the distribution and diversity of canopy spiders in Sabah, Borneo. ZooKeys 556: 1–17. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.556.6174 Reference page.
Maddison, W.P., Maddison, D.R., Zhang, J-X. & Szűts, T. 2016. Phylogenetic placement of the unusual jumping spider Depreissia Lessert, and a new synapomorphy uniting Hisponinae and Salticinae (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 549: 1–12. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.549.6171 Reference page.
Maddison, W.P., Evans, S.C., Hamilton, C.A., Bond, J.E., Lemmon, A.R. & Lemmon, E.M. 2017. A genome-wide phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae), using anchored hybrid enrichment. ZooKeys 695: 89—101. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.695.13852. Reference page.

Links

Worldwide database of jumping spiders (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae)
Platnick N. I., 2009. The World Spider Catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History. [5]
Zicha, Ondřej et al. Salticidae – Taxon details on Biological Library (BioLib).
Salticidae – Taxon details on BugGuide.
Salticidae – Taxon details on Encyclopedia of Life (EOL).
Salticidae – Taxon details on Fauna Europaea.
Salticidae – Taxon details on Fossilworks.
Salticidae – Taxon details on Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).
Salticidae - Taxon details on iNaturalist.

Salticidae – Taxon details on Interim Register of Marine and Non-marine Genera (IRMNG).
Salticidae – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Salticidae – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Salticidae – Taxon details on New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR).
Salticidae – Taxon details on Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer (uBio).
Salticidae in the World Register of Marine Species
Salticidae in the database version of the World Spider Catalog (Version 8.5).

Vernacular names
беларуская: Павукі-скакуны
čeština: Skákavkovití
dansk: Springedderkopper
Deutsch: Springspinnen
English: Jumping spider
français: Araignées sauteuses, salticides ou saltiques
日本語: ハエトリグモ科
한국어: 깡충거미과
Lëtzebuergesch: Sprangspannen
lietuvių: Šokliavoriai
Nederlands: Springspinnen
polski: Skakunowate
русский: Пауки-скакуны
српски / srpski: Паук скакач
svenska: Hoppspindlar
ไทย: แมงมุมกระโดด, เสือแมลงวัน
中文: 跳蛛科/蠅虎科

Jumping spiders or the Salticidae are a family of spiders. As of 2019, it contained over 600 described genera and over 6,000 described species,[1] making it the largest family of spiders at 13% of all species.[2] Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods and use it in courtship, hunting, and navigation. Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair being particularly large.

Distinguishing characteristics
Salticidae male anterior and dorsal aspects, showing positions of eyes
Plexippus petersi on a human finger

Jumping spiders[3] are among the easiest to distinguish from similar spider families because of the shape of the cephalothorax and their eye patterns. The families closest to Salticidae in general appearance are the Corinnidae (distinguished also by prominent spines on the back four legs), the Oxyopidae (the lynx spiders, distinguished by very prominent spines on all legs), and the Thomisidae (the crab spiders, distinguished by their front four legs, which are very long and powerful). None of these families, however, have eyes that resemble those of the Salticidae. Conversely, the legs of jumping spiders are not covered with any very prominent spines. Their front four legs generally are larger than the hind four, but not as dramatically so as those of the crab spiders, nor are they held in the outstretched-arms attitude characteristic of the Thomisidae.[4] In spite of the length of their front legs, Salticidae depend on their rear legs for jumping. The generally larger front legs are used partly to assist in grasping prey,[5] and in some species, the front legs and pedipalps are used in species-recognition signalling.

The jumping spiders, unlike the other families, have faces that are roughly rectangular surfaces perpendicular to their direction of motion. In effect this means that their forward-looking, anterior eyes are on "flat faces", as shown in the photographs. Their eye pattern is the clearest single identifying characteristic. They have eight eyes, as illustrated.[4][5] Most diagnostic are the front row of four eyes, in which the anterior median pair are more dramatically prominent than any other spider eyes apart from the posterior median eyes of the Deinopidae. There is, however, a radical functional difference between the major (AME) eyes of Salticidae and the major (PME) eyes of the Deinopidae; the large posterior eyes of Deinopidae are adapted mainly to vision in dim light, whereas the large anterior eyes of Salticidae are adapted to detailed, three-dimensional vision for purposes of estimating the range, direction, and nature of potential prey, permitting the spider to direct its attacking leaps with great precision. The anterior lateral eyes, though large, are smaller than the AME and provide a wider forward field of vision.

The rear row of four eyes may be described as strongly bent, or as being rearranged into two rows, with two large posterior lateral eyes being the furthest back. They serve for lateral vision. The posterior median eyes also have been shifted out laterally, almost as far as the posterior lateral eyes. They are usually much smaller than the posterior lateral eyes and there is doubt about whether they are at all functional in many species.

The body length of jumping spiders generally ranges from 1 to 25 mm (0.04–0.98 in).[4][6] The largest is Hyllus giganteus,[6] while other genera with relatively large species include Phidippus, Philaeus and Plexippus.[7]

In addition to using their silk for safety lines while jumping, they also build silken "pup tents", where they take shelter from bad weather and sleep at night. They molt in these shelters, build and store egg cases in them, and also spend the winter in them.[8]
Habitat

Jumping spiders live in a variety of habitats. Tropical forests harbor the most species, but they are also found in temperate forests, scrubland, deserts, intertidal zones, and mountainous regions. Euophrys omnisuperstes is the species reported to have been collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of Mount Everest.[9]
Vision
The visual fields of a jumping spider
The eight eyes of a Telamonia dimidiata located near the front
Adult male Phidippus audax

Jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes; three secondary pairs that are fixed and a principal pair that is movable.

The posterior median eyes (PMEs) are vestigial in many species, but in some primitive subfamilies, they are comparable in size with the other secondary eyes and help to detect motion.[10] While unable to form images, the reduced pair of eyes is thought to have a role similar to that of insect ocelli by receiving light from the sky. The photoreceptors in the other secondary pairs are almost exclusively green-sensitive, but the PMEs have two visual pigments different from those in all the other eyes, sensitive to blue and UV light.[11]

The posterior lateral eyes (PLEs) are wide-angle motion detectors that sense motions from the side and behind. Combined with the other eyes, PLEs give the spider a near 360° view of the world.

The anterior lateral eyes (ALEs) have the best visual acuity of the secondary eyes.[12] They are able to distinguish some details, as well, and without them, no "looming response" can be triggered by motion.[13] Even with all the other pairs covered, jumping spiders in a study could still detect, stalk, and attack flies, using their ALEs only, which are also sufficiently widely spaced to provide stereoscopic vision.[14]

The anterior median eyes (AMEs) have very good vision. This pair of eyes is built like a telescopic tube with a corneal lens in the front and a second lens in the back that focus images onto a four-layered retina, a narrow, boomerang-shaped strip oriented vertically.[15][16] Physiological experiments have shown they may have up to four different kinds of receptor cells, with different absorption spectra, giving them the possibility of tetrachromatic color vision, with sensitivity extending into the ultraviolet (UV) range.[17] As the eyes are too close together to allow depth perception, and the animals do not make use of motion parallax, they have evolved a method called image defocus, instead. Of the four photoreceptor layers in the retina, the two closest to the surface contain UV-sensitive pigments, while the two deepest contain green-sensitive pigments. The incoming green light is only focused on the deepest layer, while the other one receives defocused or fuzzy images. By measuring the amount of defocus from the fuzzy layer, calculating the distance to the objects in front of them is possible.[18][19] In addition to receptor cells, red filters also have been detected, located in front of the cells that normally register green light.[20] All salticids, regardless of whether they have two, three, or four kinds of color receptors, seemingly are highly sensitive to UV light.[17] Some species (for example, Cosmophasis umbratica) are highly dimorphic in the UV spectrum, suggesting a role in sexual signaling.[21] Color discrimination has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments.

The principal, AMEs have high resolution (11 min visual angle),[22] but the field of vision is narrow, from 2 to 5°. The central region of the retina, where acuity is highest, is no more than six or seven receptor rows wide. However, the eye can scan objects off the direct axis of vision. As the lens is attached to the carapace, the eye's scanning movements are restricted to its retina through a complicated pattern of translations and rotations.[23] This dynamic adjustment is a means of compensation for the narrowness of the static field of vision. It is analogous to the way most primates move their eyes to focus images of interest onto their fovea centralis. Such movements within the jumping spider's eyes are visible from outside when the attention of the spider is directed to various targets.[24]
Behavior

Jumping spiders are generally diurnal, active hunters. Their well-developed internal hydraulic system extends their limbs by altering the pressure of their body fluid (hemolymph) within them. This enables the spiders to jump without having large muscular legs like a grasshopper. Most jumping spiders can jump several times the length of their bodies. When a jumping spider is moving from place to place, and especially just before it jumps, it tethers a filament of silk (or 'dragline') to whatever it is standing on to protect itself if the jump should fail.[8] Should it fall, for example if the prey shakes it off, it climbs back up the silk tether. Some species, such as Portia, actually let themselves down to attack prey such as a web spider apparently secure in the middle of its web. Like many other spiders that leave practically continuous silk trails, jumping spiders impregnate the silk line with pheromones that play a role in social and reproductive communication, and possibly in navigation.

Certain species of jumping spiders have been shown by experiment to be capable of learning, recognizing, and remembering colors, and adapting their hunting behavior accordingly.[25]
Hunting

The hunting behaviour of the Salticidae is confusingly varied compared to that of most spiders in other families.[26] Salticids hunt diurnally as a rule, which is consistent with their highly developed visual system. When it detects potential prey, a jumping spider typically begins orienting itself by swivelling its cephalothorax to bring the AMEs to bear. It then moves its abdomen into line with its cephalothorax. After that, it might spend some time inspecting the object of its attention and determining whether a camouflaged or doubtful item of prey is promising, before it starts to stalk slowly forward. When close enough, the spider pauses to attach a dragline, then springs onto the prey.

Many variations on the theme and many surprising aspects exist. For one, salticids do not necessarily follow a straight path in approaching prey. They may follow a circuitous course, sometimes even a course that takes the hunter through regions from which the prey is not visible. Such complex adaptive behaviour is hard to reconcile with an organism that has such a tiny brain, but some jumping spiders, in particular some species of Portia, can negotiate long detours from one bush down to the ground, then up the stem of another bush to capture a prey item on a particular leaf.[27] Such behaviour still is the subject of research.[26]

Some salticid species are continually on the move, stopping periodically to look around for prey, which they then stalk immediately. Others spend more time scanning their surroundings from one position, actively stalking any prey they detect. Members of the genus Phaeacius take that strategy to extremes; they sit on a tree trunk, facing downwards and rarely do any stalking, but simply lunge down on any prey items that pass close before them.[26]

Some Salticidae specialise in particular classes of prey, such as ants. Most spiders, including most salticids, avoid worker ants, but several species not only eat them as a primary item in their diets, but also employ specialised attack techniques; Anasaitis canosa, for example, circles around to the front of the ant and grabs it over the back of its head. Such myrmecophagous species, however, do not necessarily refuse other prey items, and routinely catch flies and similar prey in the usual salticid fashion, without the special precautions they apply in hunting dangerous prey such as ants. Ants offer the advantages of being plentiful prey items for which little competition from other predators occurs, but catching less hazardous prey when it presents itself remains profitable.[26]

Some of the most surprising hunting behaviours occur among the araneophagous Salticidae, and vary greatly in method. Many of the spider-hunting species quite commonly attack other spiders, whether fellow salticids or not, in the same way as any other prey, but some kinds resort to web invasion; nonspecialists such as Phidippus audax sometimes attack prey ensnared in webs, basically in acts of kleptoparasitism; sometimes they leap onto and eat the web occupant itself, or simply walk over the web for that purpose.

Salticidae in the genera Brettus, Cyrba, Gelotia, and Portia display more advanced web-invasion behavior. They slowly advance onto the web and vibrate the silk with their pedipalps and legs. In this respect, their behaviour resembles that of the Mimetidae, probably the most specialised of the araneophagous spider families. If the web occupant approaches in the manner appropriate to dealing with ensnared prey, the predator attacks.[26]

The foregoing examples present the Salticidae as textbook examples of active hunters; they would hardly seem likely to build webs other than those used in reproductive activities, and in fact, most species really do not build webs to catch prey. However, exceptions occur, though even those that do build capture webs generally also go hunting like other salticids. Some Portia species, for example, spin capture webs that are functional, though not as impressive as some orb webs of the Araneidae; Portia webs are of an unusual funnel shape and apparently adapted to the capture of other spiders. Spartaeus species, though, largely capture moths in their webs. In their review of the ethology of the Salticidae, Richman and Jackson speculate on whether such web building is a relic of the evolution of this family from web-building ancestors.[26]

In hunting, the Salticidae also use their silk as a tether to enable them to reach prey that otherwise would be inaccessible. For example, by advancing towards the prey to less than the jumping distance, then retreating and leaping in an arc at the end of the tether line, many species can leap onto prey on vertical or even on inverted surfaces, which of course in a gravitational field would not be possible without such a tether.

Having made contact with the prey, hunting Salticidae administer a bite to inject rapid-acting venom that gives the victim little time to react.[28] In this respect, they resemble the Mimetidae and Thomisidae, families that ambush prey that often are larger than the predator, and they do so without securing the victim with silk; they accordingly must immobilise it immediately and their venom is adapted accordingly.
This small female jumping spider (Hyllus semicupreus) successfully captured a grasshopper that is much larger and stronger than she is. The grasshopper tried to escape, but the spider immobilized it using the venom she injected, and the "dragline" helped her hold her position with respect to the prey object.
Diet
A camouflaged Menemerus sp. jumping spider with a captured male ant

Although jumping spiders are generally carnivorous, many species have been known to include nectar in their diets,[29] and one species, Bagheera kiplingi, feeds primarily on plant matter.[30] None are known to feed on seeds or fruit. Extrafloral nectaries on plants, such as Chamaecrista fasciculata (partridge pea), provide jumping spiders with nectar; the plant benefits accordingly when the spiders prey on whatever pests they find.

The female of the Southeast Asian species Toxeus magnus feeds its offspring with a milky, nutritious fluid for the first 40 days of their lives.[31]
Reproduction
Courtship display of Saitis barbipes jumping spider
Courtship and mating behavior

Jumping spiders conduct complex, visual courtship displays using both movements and physical bodily attributes. Unlike females, males possess plumose hairs, colored or iridescent hairs (particularly pronounced in the peacock spiders), front leg fringes, structures on other legs, and other, often bizarre, modifications. These characteristics are used in a courtship "dance" in which the colored or iridescent parts of the body are displayed. In addition to the display of colors, jumping spiders perform complex sliding, vibrational, or zigzag movements to attract females. Many males have auditory signals, as well. These amplified sounds presented to the females resemble buzzes or drum rolls.[32] Species vary greatly in visual and vibratory components of courtship.[33] Many species have patches of UV reflectance, which are exhibited in mature males.[34][35] This visual component is used by some female jumping spiders for mate choice.[36]

If receptive to the male, the female assumes a passive, crouching position. In some species, the female may also vibrate her palps or abdomen. The male then extends his front legs towards the female to touch her. If the female remains receptive, the male climbs on her back and inseminates her with his palps.[37]
Consequences of sexual dimorphism

Maintaining colorful ornamentation may seem strictly beneficial to sexual selection, yet costs to maintain such distinguishing characteristics occur.[36] While colorful or UV-reflecting individuals may attract more female spiders, it can also increase the risk of predation.[16]
Taxonomy
See also: List of Salticidae genera
Classification within the spiders (Araneae)[38]

Mygalomorphae

Araneomorphae

Synspermiata

Palpimanoidea

Entelegynae

Araneoidea

Eresidae

Titanoecidae

RTA clade

Zodariidae

Sparassidae

Lycosidae

Dionycha

	Clubionidae

	Gnaphosidae

	Corinnidae

	Philodromidae

	Salticidae

The monophyly of the family Salticidae is well established through both phylogenetic and morphological analyses. The sister group to Salticidae is the family Philodromidae.[39][40] Synapomorphies of the two families include loss of cylindrical gland spigots and loss of tapeta in the indirect eyes.[40]

A 2015 revision of the Salticidae family divided it into seven subfamilies:[41]

Onomastinae Maddison, 2015 – 1 extant genus
Asemoneinae Maddison, 2015 – 4 extant genera (Hindumanes, originally placed here, was moved to Lyssomaninae[42])
Lyssomaninae Blackwall, 1877 – 3 extant genera (including Hindumanes)
Spartaeinae Wanless, 1984 – 29 extant genera in 3 tribes
Eupoinae Maddison, 2015 – 3 extant genera
Hisponinae Simon, 1901 – 9 extant genera
Salticinae Blackwall, 1841 – about 540 extant genera in 27 tribes

The Salticinae subfamily is the most diverse, comprising over 90% of the known species of jumping spiders.[41]
Models for mimicry

Some small insects are thought to have evolved an appearance or behavioural traits that resemble those of jumping spiders and this is suspected to prevent their predation, specifically from jumping spiders. Some examples appear to be provided by patterns on the wings of some tephritid flies,[43][44] the nymph of a fulgorid[45] and possibly some moths.[46]
Fossils

Very few jumping spider fossils have been found. Of those known, all are from Cenozoic era amber. The oldest fossils are from Baltic amber dating to the Eocene epoch, specifically, 54 to 42 million years ago. Other fossil jumping spiders have been preserved within Chiapas amber and Dominican amber.[47]
See also

Peckhamia (journal)
Spider taxonomy

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