Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Sectio: Dionycha
Superfamilia: Salticoidea
Familia: Salticidae
Genus: Zygoballus
Species: Z. concolor – Z. electus – Z. gracilipes – Z. incertus – Z. iridescens – Z. lineatus – Z. maculatipes – Z. maculatus – Z. melloleitaoi – Z. minutus – Z. nervosus – Z. optatus – Z. remotus – Z. rufipes – Z. sexpunctatus – Z. suavis – Z. tibialis
Name
Zygoballus Peckham & Peckham, 1885
Type species: Zygoballus rufipes Peckham & Peckham, 1885
Synonyms
Amerotritte Mello-Leitão, 1944
References
World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern. Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Zygoballus
Zygoballus is a genus of jumping spiders found in North and South America.
Taxonomy and history
The genus was first described in 1885 by American arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham based on the type species Zygoballus rufipes.[2] The name derives from a combination of the Ancient Greek word ζυγόν (zygon), meaning "yoke", and the genus name Ballus. The etymology of Ballus is unknown, but may be related to the Greek word βαλλίζω (ballizo), meaning "dance" or "jump about".[3]
The genus Messua, based on the type species Messua desidiosa, was synonymized with Zygoballus by Eugène Simon in 1903. Simon argued that Messua desidiosa was a transitional species which differed "much less from typical Zygoballus than would seem to be indicated by [the Peckham's] description."[4] This synonymy was reversed by Wayne Maddison in 1996, and Messua restored as a valid genus.[5]
The genus Amerotritte, based on the type species Amerotritte lineata, was synonymized with Zygoballus in 1980 by María Elena Galiano. Galiano stated that the holotype of Amerotritte lineata was actually a very young Zygoballus specimen.[6]
Zygoballus is currently classified in the subtribe Dendryphantina of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders).[7][8]
Description
Female Zygoballus rufipes jumping spider from Laurens County, South Carolina
Spiders of the genus Zygoballus share a strong resemblance in appearance.[9] The cephalothorax is high and roughly square when viewed from above.[10] It is widest at the posterior eyes, with the ocular quadrangle occupying approximately three-fifths of the cephalothorax.[9] The cephalothorax slopes steeply behind the posterior eyes and the sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical.[9] The labium is as long or longer than it is wide.[11] The anterior (first) pair of legs are the largest, with three pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the tibia.[12] Males have obliquely oriented chelicerae with long fangs.[9]
Many species exhibit wide variation in color, size, and markings.[10]
Distribution
Zygoballus is a genus from the New World, ranging from Argentina to Canada. Three species from India were originally placed in Zygoballus, but have been reassigned to other genera.[13]
Species
As of July 2016, the World Spider Catalog accepted the species listed below.[1] One species, Z. quaternus, was previously recognized (prior to 2008), but is now considered a nomen dubium.[14] Several other species are known only from single specimens. In addition to the species listed below, a 2001 phylogenetic analysis suggested that Rhetenor texanus may also belong in Zygoballus,[7] but this has not been accepted by the World Spider Catalog.
Zygoballus amrishi Makhan, 2005 — Suriname
Zygoballus aschnae Makhan, 2005 — Suriname
Zygoballus concolor Bryant, 1940 — Cuba
Zygoballus electus Chickering, 1946 — Panama
Zygoballus gracilipes Crane, 1945 — Guyana, Argentina
Zygoballus incertus (Banks, 1929) — Panama
Zygoballus iridescens Banks, 1895 — USA
Zygoballus lineatus (Mello-Leitão, 1944) — Argentina
Zygoballus maculatipes Petrunkevitch, 1925 — Panama
Zygoballus maculatus F. O. P-Cambridge, 1901 — Guatemala
Zygoballus melloleitaoi Galiano, 1980 — Argentina
Zygoballus minutus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 — Guatemala
Zygoballus nervosus (Peckham & Peckham, 1888) — USA, Canada
Zygoballus optatus Chickering, 1946 — Panama
Zygoballus remotus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 — Guatemala
Zygoballus rishwani Makhan, 2005 — Suriname
Zygoballus rufipes Peckham & Peckham, 1885 — Canada to Costa Rica
Zygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz, 1845) — USA
Zygoballus suavis Peckham & Peckham, 1895 — Jamaica, Cuba
Zygoballus tibialis F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1901 — Guatemala to Panama
References
"Gen. Zygoballus Peckham & Peckham, 1900", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-07-23
Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1885). "On some new genera and species of Attidae from the eastern part of Guatemala" (PDF). Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin: 62–86.
Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 330. ISBN 0-9771439-0-2.
Simon, Eugène (1903). Histoire Naturelle des Araignées (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris. p. 863.
Maddison, Wayne P. (1996). "Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. 154: 215–368.
Galiano, María Elena (1980). "Catalogo de los especimenes tipicos de Salticidae (Araneae) descriptos por Candido F. de Mello-Leitão". Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales. Buenos Aires. 39: 31–40.
Hedin, Marshal C.; Maddison, Wayne P. (March 2001). "A Combined Molecular Approach to Phylogeny of the Jumping Spider Subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 18 (3): 386–403. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0883. PMID 11277632.
Maddison, Wayne P. (November 2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1895). "Spiders of the Homalattus group of the family Attidae" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 2 (3): 157–178.
Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). "Revision of the Attidae of North America" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 355–646.
Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 213. ISBN 0-9771439-0-2.
Kaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut. p. 496.
Kaldari, Ryan (2010). "Reassignment of the Indian species of Zygoballus to Bianor and Rhene (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Peckhamia. 82 (1).
Richman, David B. (2008). "Revision of the jumping spider genus Sassacus (Araneae, Salticidae, Dendryphantinae) in North America" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 36 (1): 28–48. doi:10.1636/H07-03.1. S2CID 83998396.
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