Zygoballus nervosus Male
Zygoballus nervosus Female
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Sectio: Dionycha
Superfamilia: Salticoidea
Familia: Salticidae
Genus: Zygoballus
Species: Z. nervosus
Zygoballus nervosus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the eastern United States and Canada.[2][3]
Male pedipalp, scale = 0.1 mm.
Taxonomy
The species was first described by the arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1888 as Eris nervosus.[2] Arachnologist James Emerton subsequently described the species in 1891 as Zygoballus terrestris.[4] After examining the type specimen of Eris nervosus, however, Emerton concluded that they were the same species.[5] In 1909, the Peckhams renamed the species Zygoballus nervosus and synonymized the previous names.[5]
Distribution
In 1909, the Peckhams reported that the species had been collected from Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, and Illinois.[5] Later records report the species from Georgia,[6] Florida,[7] Minnesota,[8] eastern and central Texas,[9][10] Ohio,[11] Kansas, Louisiana, and Quebec.[3] The range of Z. nervosus overlaps with that of two other Zygoballus species, Z. sexpunctatus and Z. rufipes.
Diagnosis
The male Zygoballus nervosus can be distinguished from Z. sexpunctatus by its lack of a large spot of white scales at the beginning of the thoracic slope. It also lacks the thick covering of white scales on the sides of the carapace which extend from the clypeus to beyond the posterior median eyes in Z. sexpunctatus.[12]
The male Z. nervosus can be distinguished from Z. rufipes by its wider, heavier cephalothorax, its shorter chelicerae, and its longer, narrower hammer-like process on the chelicerae.[5][11] In addition, the thoracic slope is not as steep as in Z. rufipes.[5]
The legs and pedipalps of the male Z. nervosus are shorter and thicker than those of Z. rufipes or Z. sexpunctatus.[5] The tibia of the anterior legs are typically 2½ times as long as wide, compared to about 4 times in Z. sexpunctatus or 4 to 6 times in Z. rufipes.[5][12]
The female Z. nervosus can be distinguished by the distinct form of the epigyne, which has its openings towards the front and very close together.[13]
Description
Adult females are 3 to 4 mm in body length, while males are 2.5 to 4.5 mm.[11][13] The sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical in front, and more rounded in the back.[2] The ocular area occupies nearly three-fifths of the length of the cephalothorax and is widest at the posterior lateral eyes (PLE).[2] The anterior median eyes (AME) are twice as large as the anterior lateral eyes (ALE), while the PLE are roughly the same size as the ALE.[2]
References
"Taxon details Zygoballus nervosus (Peckham & Peckham, 1888)". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1888). "Attidae of North America" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 7: 56.
Cutler, Bruce; Edwards, G. B.; Richman, David (2002). "Family Salticidae". Spiders of North America (north of Mexico).
Emerton, James (1891). "New England Spiders of the Family Attidae". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 8: 231–232.
Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). "Revision of the Attidae of North America" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 580–581.
Edwards, G. B.; Rossman, Douglas A. (December 1981). "A preliminary checklist of Georgia Salticidae". Peckhamia. 2 (2): 27–31.
Edwards, G. B. (December 1982). "The arboreal Salticidae of Florida". Peckhamia. 2 (3): 33–36.
Cutler, Bruce (September 1977). "A preliminary checklist of the Salticidae of Minnesota". Peckhamia. 1 (3): 40.
Breene, R. G.; Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Edwards, G. B. (December 1993). Biology, Predation Ecology, and Significance of Spiders in Texas Cotton Ecosystems. Texas A&M University. p. 25.
Dean, D. Allen; Sterling, W. L.; Horner, N. V. (1982). "Spiders in Eastern Texas Cotton Fields". Journal of Arachnology. 10 (3): 251–260.
Oehler, Charles M. (1980). "Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Cincinnati region of Ohio". Ohio Biological Survey Biological Notes. 13: 13.
Comstock, John Henry (1920) [First published 1912]. The Spider Book. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. pp. 696–99.
Kaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut.
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