Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Caenogastropoda
Ordo: Neogastropoda
Superfamilia: Conoidea
Familiae (17 + 1†): Borsoniidae – Bouchetispiridae – Clathurellidae – Clavatulidae – Cochlespiridae – Conidae – Conorbidae – Drilliidae – Fusiturridae – Horaiclavidae – Mangeliidae – Marshallenidae – Mitromorphidae – Pseudomelatomidae – Raphitomidae – Terebridae – Turridae – †Cryptoconidae
Genera Incertae sedis (7 + 23†): Austrotoma – Bathyferula – Cryptomella – Hemipleurotoma – Moniliopsis – Parasyngenochilus – Sinistrella – †Acamptogenotia – †Austroclavus – †Campylacrum – †Clinuropsis – †Cosmasyrinx – †Domenginella – †Echinoturris – †Eoscobinella – †Eothesbia – †Eoturris – †Insolentia – †Mangaoparia – †Maoricrassus – †Marshallaria – †Notogenota – †Parasyrinx – †Pseudoinquisitor – †Pseudotoma – †Rugobela – †Tahudrillia – †Tahuia – †Tholitoma – †Zeatoma
Name
Conoidea Fleming, 1822
References
Tucker, J.K. 2004. Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682: 1–1295. Abstract & excerpt Reference page.
Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Yu.I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. 2011: A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of molluscan studies, 77(3): 273–308. DOI: 10.1093/mollus/eyr017
Fallon, P.J. Jr. 2016. Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species. Zootaxa 4090(1): 1–363. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1.Reference page.
Morassi, M.; Bonfitto, A. 2013: Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710(3): 271–280. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5 Reference page.
References
Links
Conoidea in the World Register of Marine Species
Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.[2]
This superfamily includes the turrids, the terebras (also known as auger snails or auger shells) and the cones or cone snails.[2] The phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily are poorly established. Several families (especially the Turridae), subfamilies and genera are thought to be polyphyletic.[2]
In contrast to Puillandre's estimate, Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008)[3] estimated that the superfamily Conoidea contains about 10,000 species. Tucker (2004) even speaks of 11,350 species in the group of taxa commonly referred to as turrids.[4] 3000 recent taxa are potentially valid species. Little more than half of the known taxa are fossil species. Many species are little known and need more investigation to find their exact systematic place.[4]
Most species in this superfamily are small to medium, with shell lengths between 3 mm and 50 mm. They occur in diverse marine habitats from tropical waters to the poles, in shallow or deep waters, and on hard to soft substrates.
The superfamily is known for its toxoglossan radula, which is used to inject powerful neurotoxins into its prey. This makes these species powerful carnivorous predators on annelid, other mollusc and even fish.
Within the superfamily there are four somewhat different varieties of radula.[5] The radula types[6] are as follows:
Type 1 Drilliidae type: five teeth in each row with comb-like lateral teeth and flat-pointed marginal teeth
Type 2 Turridae s.l. type: two or three teeth in a row with the marginal teeth being of the duplex or wishbone form.
Type 3 Pseudomelatomidae type: two or three teeth in a row with curved and solid marginal teeth.
Type 4 hypodermic type: two hollow, enrolled, marginal teeth in each row with an absent or reduced radular membrane.
In 2009, a proposed new classification of this superfamily was published by John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio. In 2011, a new classification of this superfamily was published by Bouchet et al. Both classifications were based upon cladistical analyses and included modern taxonomic molecular phylogeny studies.
Families
1993 taxonomy
Families and subfamilies included within the superfamily Conoidea according to Taylor, et al. 1993[7]
Clavatulidae Clay, 1853
Conidae Fleming, 1822
Coninae – cone snails
Clathurellinae
Conorbiinae
Mangeliinae
Oenopotinae
Raphitominae
Drilliidae Olsson, 1964
Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1964
Strictispiridae McLean, 1971
Terebridae Mörch, 1852 – auger shells
Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) – turrids
This same classification was accepted by Bouchet & Rocroi in 2005 [8]
2009 taxonomy
In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) based upon a cladistical analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the morphology (i.e. shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.[9] In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre et al. and others.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of Conoidean gastropods (that do not resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the turrid snails (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails and creates a number of new families.[9] For Tucker and Tenorio’s classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods) see Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009.
2011 taxonomy
The original classification, Taylor et al. 1993 (and Bouchet & Rocroi in 2005) was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article.[17] The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008.[18] They recognize fifteen families: Conidae, Terebridae, and the polyphyletic family Turridae resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera). The authors follow tentatively the classification for the family Conidae as presented by Tucker & Tenorio, 2009[9] who divided the monogeneric family Conidae into 82 genera. However, there is no final opinion on this issue yet, as a new molecular phylogeny of the Conidae is in preparation. There are a number of genera within the Conoidea that could not be assigned to any family.
In 2012, a new lineage in the Conoidea was revealed, leading to the creation of a new family Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 that includes one genus Bouchetispira Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 and one species Bouchetispira vitrea Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012, which was found on an isolated sea mount off New Caledonia. This is probably the sole survivor of a larger clade.[19]
Recognized families in the Conoidea (as of 2020):
Borsoniidae Bellardi, 1875
Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012
Clathurellidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858
Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Cochlespiridae Powell, 1942
Conidae Fleming, 1822
Conorbidae de Gregorio, 1880
† Cryptoconidae Cossmann, 1896
Drilliidae Olsson, 1964
Fusiturridae Abdelkrim, Aznar-Cormano, Fedosov, Kantor, Lozouet, Phuong, Zaharias & Puillandre, 2018
Horaiclavidae Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev & Puillandre, 2011
Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883
Marshallenidae Abdelkrim, Aznar-Cormano, Fedosov, Kantor, Lozouet, Phuong, Zaharias & Puillandre, 2018
Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904
Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Strictispiridae McLean, 1971
Terebridae Mörch, 1852
Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838)
Conoidea (unassigned)
Genera not assigned to a family:
† Acamptogenotia Rovereto, 1899
† Austroclavus Powell, 1942
† Austrotoma Finlay, 1924
Bathyferula Stahlschmidt, Lamy & Fraussen, 2012
† Campylacrum Finlay & Marwick, 1937
† Clinuropsis Vincent, 1913
† Cosmasyrinx Marwick, 1931
Cryptomella Finlay, 1924
Echinoturris Powell, 1935
Eoscobinella Powell, 1942
† Eothesbia Finlay & Marwick, 1937
† Eoturris Finlay & Marwick, 1937
Hemipleurotoma Cossmannn, 1889
† Insolentia Finlay, 1926
Mangaoparia Vella, 1954
Maoricrassus Vella, 1954
† Marshallaria Finlay & Marwick, 1937
† Moniliopsis Cossmann, 1918
Notogenota Powell, 1942
† Orthosurcula Casey, 1904
Parasyngenochilus Long, 1981
† Parasyrinx Finlay, 1924
Pleurotomoides Bronn, 1831
† Pseudoinquisitor Powell, 1942
† Rugobela Finlay, 1924
Sinistrella Meyer, 1887
Tahudrillia Powell, 1942
† Tahuia Maxwell, 1992
† Waitara Marwick, 1931
† Zeatoma Maxwell, 1992
Families and subfamilies brought into synonymy
Acusidae Gray, 1853: synonym of Terebridae Mörch, 1852
Clavidae Casey, 1904: synonym of Drilliidae Olsson, 1964
Clionellidae Stimpson, 1865: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Conilithidae Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conidae Fleming, 1822
Crassispirinae McLean, 1971: synonym of Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Cytharinae Thiele, 1929: synonym of Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883
Daphnellinae Casey, 1904: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888: synonym of Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904
Melatomidae Gill, 1871: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904: synonym of Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904
Oenopotinae Bogdanov, 1987: synonym of Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883
Pervicaciidae Rudman, 1969: synonym of Terebridae Mörch, 1852
Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Pleurotomidae: synonym of Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838)
Pseudotominae Bellardi, 1875: synonym of Borsoniidae Bellardi, 1875
Pusionellinae Gray, 1853: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Taraninae Casey, 1904: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Taranteconidae Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conidae Fleming, 1822
Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Turriculinae Powell, 1942: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Zemaciinae Sysoev, 2003: synonym of Borsoniidae Bellardi, 1875
Zonulispirinae McLean, 1971: synonym of Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Genera (not assigned to a family) brought into synonymy
Defrancia Millet, 1826: synonym of Pleurotomoides Bronn, 1831
Fusosurcula Is. Taki, 1951: synonym of † Orthosurcula Casey, 1904
† Lirasyrinx Powell, 1942: synonym of † Parasyrinx Finlay, 1924
† Tholitoma Finlay & Marwick, 1937: synonym of † Cosmasyrinx (Tholitoma) Finlay & Marwick, 1937 represented as † Cosmasyrinx Marwick, 1931
Waitara Marwick, 1931 †: synonym of Thatcheria Angas, 1877
References
Fleming J. (June 1822). The philosophy of zoology, a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals 2. Constable & Co., Edinburgh, 618 pp., Conidae is on the page 490.
Puillandre, N.; Samadi, S.; Boisselier, M. -C.; Sysoev, A. V.; Kantor, Y. I.; Cruaud, C.; Couloux, A.; Bouchet, P. (2008). "Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: Molecular phylogeny of the "turrids" (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 1122–1134. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.007. PMID 18180170.
Bandyopadhyay, P. K.; Stevenson, B. J.; Ownby, J. P.; Cady, M. T.; Watkins, M.; Olivera, B. M. (2008). "The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI–coxII intergenic sequences and Conoidean evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (1): 215–223. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.002. PMC 2718723. PMID 17936021.
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.
Kantor, Yuri I.; Taylor (1991). "John D.". J. Molluscan Stud. 57 (1): 129–134. doi:10.1093/mollus/57.1.129.
Kantor, Yuri I.; Taylor (2000). "John D." (PDF). J. Zool. Lond. 252: 251–262. doi:10.1017/s0952836900009985. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Taylor, J. D.; Kantor, Y. I.; Sysoev, A. V. (1993). "Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of Conoidea (Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda)". Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 59: 125–169.
Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdés Á. & Warén A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997
Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp., at p. 133
P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.
S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific? Evolution 62:1618-1634.
R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.
T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.
T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock, Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.
B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae), Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.
N. Puillandre, S. Samadi, M. Boesselier, A. Sysoev, Y. Kantor, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, & P. Bouchett (2008), Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the "turrid" (Neogastropoda: Conoidea), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47:1122-1134.
Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Yu.I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77: 273–308. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyr017.
Puillandre, N.; et al. (2008). "Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the 'turrids' (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 1122–1134. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.007. PMID 18180170.
Kantor, Y.I.; Strong, E.E.; Puillandre, N. (2012). "A new lineage of Conoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) revealed by morphological and molecular data". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 78 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1093/mollus/eys007.
Secondary sources
Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Yu.I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77: 273–308. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyr017.
Kantor, Y. I.; Strong, E. E.; Puillandre, N. (2012). "[August], A new lineage of Conoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) revealed by morphological and molecular data". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 78: 246–25. doi:10.1093/mollus/eys007.
Puillandre, N.; Kantor, Yu.I.; Couloux, A.; Meyer, C.; Rawlings, T.; Todd, J.A.; Bouchet, P. (2011). "The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77 (3): 259–272. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyr015.
Tucker, John K. (12 October 2004). "Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
Kantor, Y. I.; Taylor, J. D. (2000). "Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism". Journal of Zoology. 252 (2): 251. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x.
Kantor, Yuri I.; Harasewych, Myroslaw G.; Puillandre, Nicolas (2016). "A critical review of Antarctic Conoidea (Neogastropoda)" (PDF). Molluscan Research. 36 (3): 153–206. doi:10.1080/13235818.2015.1128523.
Safavi-Hemami, Helena; Brogan, Shane E.; Olivera, Baldomero M. (2019). "Pain therapeutics from cone snail venoms: From Ziconotide to novel non-opioid pathways". Journal of Proteomics. 190: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2018.05.009. PMC 6214764. PMID 29777871.
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