Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phyla: Annelida – Brachiopoda – Bryozoa – Echiura – Entoprocta – Mollusca – Nemertea – Phoronida – Sipuncula – †Hyolitha
References
Bleidorn, C. 2008: Lophotrochozoan relationships and parasites. A snap-shot. Parasite, 15: 329–332.
Giribet, G. 2008: Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society (B), 363: 1513–1522. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2241
Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2009: New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia. Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Helmkampf, M.; Bruchhaus, I.; Hausdorf, B. 2008: Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 46: 206–214.
Paps, J.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. 2009: Lophotrochozoa internal phylogeny: new insights from an up-to-date analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B), 276: 1245–1254. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1574
Passamaneck, Y.; Halanych, K.M. 2006: Lophotrochozoan phylogeny assessed with LSU and SSU data: evidence of lophophorate polyphyly. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 40: 20–28.
Wanninger, A. 2008: Comparative lophotrochozoan neurogenesis and larval neuroanatomy: recent advances from previously neglected taxa. Acta biologica hungarica, 59(suppl. S): 127–136.
Yokobori, S.-i.; Iseto, T.; Asakawa, S.; Sasaki, T.; Shimizu, N.; Yamagishi, A.; Oshima, T.; Hirose, E. 2008: Complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes of two solitary entoprocts, Loxocorone allax and Loxosomella aloxiata: implications for lophotrochozoan phylogeny. Molecular phylogenetics & evolution, 47: 612–628.
Vernacular names
English: lophotrochozoans
français: Lophotrochozoaires
italiano: Lofotrocozoi
日本語: 冠輪動物上門
polski: lofotrochorowce
中文: 冠轮动物超门
Lophotrochozoa (/ləˌfɒtroʊkoʊˈzoʊə/, "crest/wheel animals") is a clade of protostome animals within the Spiralia. The taxon was established as a monophyletic group based on molecular evidence.[2][3] The clade includes animals like annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, brachiopods, and platyhelminthes.[4]
Groups
See also: List of bilaterial animal orders
Lophotrochozoa was defined in 1995 as the "last common ancestor of the three traditional lophophorate taxa (brachiopods, bryozoans, and phoronid worms), the mollusks and the annelids, and all of the descendants of that common ancestor".[5] It is a cladistic definition (a node-based name), so the affiliation to Lophotrochozoa of spiralian groups not mentioned directly in the definition depends on the topology of the spiralian tree of life, and in some phylogenetic hypotheses, Lophotrochozoa may even be synonymous to Spiralia. Nemertea and Orthonectida (if not directly considered as part of Annelida) are probably lophotrochozoan phyla; Dicyemida, Gastrotricha, and Platyhelminthes may be lophotrochozoans or placed in the Rouphozoa clade outside Lophotrochozoa; Chaetognatha, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Syndermata are probably gnathiferans and so placed as a basal spiralian clade outside Lophotrochozoa; Cycliophora could be a gnathiferan or a lophotrochozoan phylum. One of the candidate hypotheses is presented below.
The Lophotrochozoa has basal Cycliophora and Mollusca groups, and more derived Lophophorate, Nemertea and Annelida groups.[6][7]
With the introduction of Platytrochozoa and Rouphozoa, one candidate phylogeny is pictured below – though other studies recover a range of alternative possibilities:[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
In the most recent research, the three phyla Cycliophora, Entoprocta and Bryozoa makes up a single clade and are the first to branch off from the other lophotrochozoans. The second split is the molluscs, and the third consists of two sister phyla, annelids and nemerteans. Lastly remains the clade that consist of the phoronids and the brachiopods.[16][17]
| Protostomes |
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Another study recovers Lophotrochozoa as equivalent to Platytrochozoa, forming a sister group with Gnathifera at the base of Spiralia.[18]
Protostomia
| Protostomia |
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A number of fossil taxa can be identified as early Lophotrochozoans, even if their precise affinity remains contested. However, relevant Cambrian fossils are debated.
Characteristics
The clade Lophotrochozoa is named after the two distinct characteristics of its members; the lophophore, a feeding structure consisting of a ciliated crown of tentacles surrounding a mouth, and the developmental stage of the trochophore larva. Lophophorata such as Brachiozoa and Bryozoa have lophophores, while members of Trochozoa such as molluscs and annelids have trochophore larvae, although some may have none.[19][20]
References
Budd, Graham E.; Jackson, Illiam S. C. (January 5, 2016). "Ecological innovations in the Cambrian and the origins of the crown group phyla". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1685): 20150287. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0287. PMC 4685591. PMID 26598735.
Halanych, K. M.; Bacheller, J.; Liva, S.; Aguinaldo, A. A.; Hillis, D. M.; Lake, J. A. (17 March 1995). "18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals". Science. 267 (5204): 1641–1643. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451. S2CID 12196991.
Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (May 2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (5): 1246–1253. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi111. PMID 15703236.
Halanych, K. M. (2016-01-01), "Lophotrochozoa, Diversification of", in Kliman, Richard M. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 405–408, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00272-9, ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5, retrieved 2021-02-14
Halanych, Kenneth M.; Bacheller, John D.; Aguinaldo, Anna Marie A.; Liva, Stephanie M.; Hillis, David M.; Lake, James A. (1995-03-17). "Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 267 (5204): 1642. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1641H. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 7886451. S2CID 12196991. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
Nesnidal, Maximilian P; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Bruchhaus, Iris; Ebersberger, Ingo; Hankeln, Thomas; Lieb, Bernhard; Struck, Torsten H; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.
Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (August 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.
Paps, Jordi; Baguñà, Jaum; Riutort, Marta (2009-10-01). "Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (10): 2397–2406. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp150. PMID 19602542.
Struck, Torsten H.; Schult, Nancy; Kusen, Tiffany; Hickman, Emily; Bleidorn, Christoph; McHugh, Damhnait; Halanych, Kenneth M (5 April 2007). "Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57. PMC 1855331. PMID 17411434.
Hausdorf, Bernhard; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Herlyn, Holger; Bruchhaus, Iris; Hankeln, Thomas; Struck, Torsten H.; Lieb, Bernhard (2007-12-01). "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214. PMID 17921486.
Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (July 2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–1849. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. PMID 24748651.
"cycliophorans". Encyclopedia of Life.
Lu, Tsai-Ming; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Furuya, Hidetaka (29 May 2017). "The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution". Zoological Letters. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5. PMC 5447306. PMID 28560048.
Temereva, Elena N.; Kuzmina, Tatyana V. (31 July 2017). "The first data on the innervation of the lophophore in the rhynchonelliform brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea: what is the ground pattern of the lophophore in lophophorates?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 172. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1029-5. PMC 5537927. PMID 28760135.
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Phyla of Tiny Filter Feeders Find a New Spot on the Tree of Life
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