Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Caenogastropoda
Ordo: Neogastropoda
Superfamilia: Conoidea
Familia: Turridae
Genera (16 + 8†): Cryptogemma – Decollidrillia – Epidirella – Gemmula – Gemmuloborsonia – Iotyrris – Kuroshioturris – Lophiotoma – Lucerapex – Pinguigemmula – Polystira – Ptychosyrinx – Turridrupa – Turris – Unedogemmula – Xenoturris – †Coronia – †Coroniopsis – †Eopleurotoma – †Epalxis – †Gemmulopsis – †Ingaunoturricula – †Oxyacrum – †Pleuroliria
Cochlespirinae - Crassispirinae - Turrinae - Zemaciinae -
Name
Turridae Adams & Adams, 1853 (1838): 87
Note:: the double date follows ICZN Article 40(2): "If ... a family-group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus, the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage. A name maintained by virtue of this Article retains its own author (and date, the first date cited) but takes the priority of the replaced name". The date in parentheses refers to Pleurotominae Gray, 1838.
Synonyms
Pleurotomidae Gray, 1838
References
Primary references
Adams, H. & Adams, A. 1853. The genera of Recent Mollusca arranged according to their organization. London: John Van Voorst. Vol. 1 (Parts I–VIII): 1–256. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Todd, J.A. & Rawlings, T.A. 2014. A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic’s largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto). Zootaxa 3884(5): 445–491. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3884.5.5 Reference page.
Links
Turridae in the World Register of Marine Species
Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.[1]
The family name Turridae was originally given to a very large group of several thousand sea snail species that were thought to be closely related. The family was described with about 700 genus-group taxa and an estimated 10,000 recent and fossil species.[2] However, that original grouping was discovered to be polyphyletic.
In recent years, the family Turridae has been much reduced in size, because a number of other families were created to contain the monophyletic lineages that had previously been thought to belong in the same family.
The common name turrids is still used informally to refer to the polyphyletic group.
Distribution
Species in the family Turridae are found worldwide; most are found in the neritic zone. It is a major component of the Indo-Pacific molluscan fauna.[citations needed]
Shell description
The shape of the narrow shells is more or less fusiform. The whorls are elongate to broadly spindle-shaped and conical. The shells are generally small, their length usually smaller than 15 mm (with a few exceptions, up to 25 mm). The sculpture is variable. The shell shows strong ribs and spiral ridges.The aperture is long and narrow, with a siphonal canal and an anal sinus. [3]
Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula, used to prey on vertebrates and invertebrate animals (mostly polychaete worms) or in self-defense.[4] Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane.[5]
Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.[citations needed]
History of the taxonomy
The family Turridae, in the older broadest sense of the group, was in the past perceived as one of the most difficult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa,[6] which were complicated by their species diversity.[7]
This led to an outcry by Melvill & Standen in 1901:
One cannot help feeling, indeed, the more the Pleurotomacea (now former name for the Pleurotomidae, synonym of Turridae) are studied closely, how painfully artificial and misleading are many of the characters which are employed in differentiating the sections, so called genera, and subgenera of this vast assemblage. It is almost too large for the monographer, and so enormous are the number of species annually brought to light, especially since the abyssal forms have been sought after and procured with greater facility, that we fear confusion will soon be worse confounded, and the patience of malacologists tried too far, unless some benefactor of this race arises to study these forms alone as his life's work. [8]
Although some species were relatively common, many were rare, some being known only from single specimens; this is another factor that made studying the group difficult. Turridiae was in this sense a heterogenous family that contained, more or less, all conoideans not included in the Conidae and Terebridae. Most of this was based on radula and shell characters. Taylor et al. (1993) tried to rely more on anatomical characters and moved several subfamilies from Turridae to Conidae.[9]
2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which attempted to set out a stable taxonomy, this family consisted of the following five subfamilies:[10]
Turrinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) - synonyms: Pleurotominae Gray, 1838; Lophiotominae Morrison, 1965 (n.a.)
Cochlespirinae Powell, 1942
Crassispirinae McLean, 1971 - synonym: Belinae A. Bellardi, 1875
Zemaciinae Sysoev, 2003
Zonulispirinae McLean, 1971
2011 taxonomy
The 2005 classification system for the group was greatly changed by the 2011 publication of an article revising the taxonomy of the superfamily Conoidea, Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. The authors presented a new classification of the superfamily Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008.[11] The polyphyletic family Turridae was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera)[12]
Conorbidae
Borsoniidae
Clathurellidae
Mitromorphidae
Mangeliidae
Raphitomidae
Cochlespiridae
Drilliidae
Pseudomelatomidae (= Crassispiridae)
Clavatulidae
Horaiclavidae
Turridae s.s.
Strictispiridae - synonym of Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Current genera
Genera in the family Turridae sensu stricto, include according to WoRMS:[13]
Polystira albida
† Coronia de Gregorio, 1890
† Coroniopsis MacNeil, 1984
Cryptogemma Dall, 1918
† Daphnobela Cossmann, 1896
Decollidrillia Habe & Ito, 1965
† Eopleurotoma Cossmann, 1889
† Epalxis Cossmann, 1889
Epidirella Iredale, 1913
Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875
Gemmuloborsonia Shuto, 1989
† Gemmulopsis Tracey & Craig, 2019 †
† Ingaunoturricula M. P. Bernasconi & Robba, 1984
Iotyrris Medinskaya & Sysoev, 2001
Kuroshioturris Shuto, 1961
Lophiotoma Casey, 1904
Lucerapex Iredale, 1936
† Oxyacrum Cossmann, 1889
† Pleuroliria De Gregorio, 1890
Polystira Woodring, 1928
Turridrupa Hedley, 1922
Turris Röding, 1798 - type genus
Unedogemmula MacNeil, 1961
Xenuroturris Iredale, 1929
Synonymy
Annulaturris Powell, 1966: synonym of Turris Batsch, 1789
Austrogemmula Laseron, 1954: synonym of Epidirella Iredale, 1913
Bathybermudia Haas, 1949: synonym of Ptychosyrinx Thiele, 1925
Clamturris Iredale, 1931: synonym of Xenuroturris Iredale, 1929
Eugemmula Iredale, 1931: synonym of Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875
Euryentmena : synonym of Euryentmema Woodring, 1928 (misspelling)
Lophioturris Powell, 1964: synonym of Lophiotoma Casey, 1904
Oxytropa Glibert, 1955: synonym of Polystira Woodring, 1928
Pinguigemmula McNeil, 1961: synonym of Cryptogemma Dall, 1918
Pleurotoma Lamarck, 1799: synonym of Turris Batsch, 1789
Ptychosyrinx Thiele, 1925: synonym of Cryptogemma Dall, 1918
Subfamily Strictispirinae McLean, 1971 : synonym of Strictispiridae McLean, 1971, synonym of Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966 (raised to family level)
References
MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=152 on 2018-07-22
Bouchet, P. 1990. Turrid genera and mode of development: the use and abuse of protoconch morphology.Malacologia 32:69-77
P.J. Hayward and J.S. Ryland - Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe; Oxford University Press 1995; ISBN 0 19 854054 X
Duda, T.F., Jr., Kohn, A.J. & Palumbi, S.R. (2001) Origins of diverse feeding ecologies within Conus, a genus of venomous marine gastropods. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 73, 391–409.
Kantor, Yuri I; John D.Taylor (2000). "Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism". Journal of Zoology. Cambridge University Press. 252 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x.
Sysoev, A.V. (1993) Appendix 2 Genus-group taxa of Recent Turridae S.L. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London, Zoology, 59, 163–169
Sysoev, A.V. (1991) Preliminary analysis of the relationship between turrids (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa, Turridae) with different types of radular apparatus in various Recent and fossil faunas. Ruthenica, 1, 53–66.
Melvill & Standen (1901) Mollusks from the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. v. 2, 1901 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Taylor JD, Kantor YI, Sysoev AV (1993) Foregut anatomy, feedings mechanisms and classification of the Conoidea (= Toxoglossa)(Gastropoda). Bull Nat Hist Mus Lond (Zoology) 59: 125-170
Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
Puillandre N., et al., 2008 " Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the “turrids” (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008;47:1122-1134
Nicolas Puillandre, Renewed taxonomy : phylogeny and species delimitation in an integrative framework; Toxines et Signalisation – Toxins and Signalling, Rencontres en Toxinologie – Meeting on Toxinology, 2009, Editions de la SFET – SFET Editions [dead link]
Turridae. WoRMS, accessed 18 November 2015
Further reading
Grant, U. S. & H. R. Gale, 1931 [3 November], Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions; with notes on their morphology, classification, and nomenclature and a special treatment of the Pectinidae and the Turridae (including a few Miocene and Recent species), together with a summary of the stratigraphic relations of the formations involved. Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 1: 1036 pp., 32 pls.
Powell, A. W. B., 1942 [15 July], The New Zealand Recent and fossil Mollusca of the family Turridae with general notes on turrid nomenclature and systematics. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2: 188 pp., 14 pls.
Powell A. W. B. (1964). "The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1, The subfamily Turrinae". Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227–345.
Morrison, J. P. E., 1966 [28 February], On the families of Turridae. The American Malacological Union. Annual Reports, for 1965: 1–2
Oyama, K., 1966, On living Japanese Turridae. Venus, 25(1): 1–20
Powell, A. W. B., 1966, The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae, an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with list of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 5: 184 pp., 23 pls.
Powell, A. W. B., 1969 [9 September], The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 2. The subfamily Turriculinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2(10): 207–415, pls. 188–324
Sabelli, B. & G. Spada, 1977, Guida illustrata all'identificazione delle conchiglie del Mediterraneo. Fam. Turridae I. Conchiglie, 13(3–4[Supplemento]): 2 pp., 1 pl.
Kilburn R. N. (1983). "Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae." Ann. Natal. Mus. 25: 549–585.
McLean J. (1971). "A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific". Veliger 14: 114–130
Vera Peláez, J. L., J. Martinell & M. C. Lozano-Francisco, 1999 [June], Turridae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) of the Lower Pliocene from Malaga (Spain). Iberus, 17(1): 1–1
Vera peláez, J. L., 2002 [29 November], Revision de la familia Turridae, excepto Clavatulinae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) en el Plioceno de las cuencas de Estepona, Malaga y Velez Malaga (Malaga, S Espana) con la descripcion de 26 especies nuevas. Pliocenica, 2: 176–262
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295*
Kilburn, Richard N., Alexander E. Fedosov, and Baldomero M. Olivera. "Revision of the genus Turris (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae) with the description of six new species." Zootaxa 3244.1 (2012): 1
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