Chrysoperla

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Neuropterida
Ordo: Neuroptera
Subordo: Hemerobiiformia
Superfamilia: Chrysopoidea

Familia: Chrysopidae
Subfamilia: Chrysopinae
Tribus: Chrysopini
Genus: Chrysoperla
Species (67): C. adamsi – C. affinis – C. agilis – C. ankylopteryformis – C. annae – C. argentina – C. asoralis – C. barberina – C. bellatula – C. bolti – C. brevicollis – C. calocedrii – C. carnea – C. chusanina – C. comanche – C. comans – C. congrua – C. decaryana – C. defreitasi – C. deserticola – C. downesi – C. dozieri – C. duellii – C. euneura – C. europaea – C. exotera – C. externa – C. exul – C. furcifera – C. galapagoensis – C. gallagheri – C. genanigra – C. hainanica – C. harrisii – C. heidarii – C. insulata – C. johnsoni – C. longicaudata – C. lucasina – C. mediterranea – C. mexicana – C. mutata – C. nigrinervis – C. nigrocapitata – C. nipponensis – C. nyerina – C. oblita – C. orestes – C. pallida – C. plicata – C. plorabunda – C. pudica – C. qinlingensis – C. raimundoi – C. renoni – C. rotundata – C. rufilabris – C. savioi – C. shahrudensis – C. siamensis – C. sola – C. suzukii – C. thelephora – C. volcanicola – C. xizangana – C. yulinica – C. zastrowi
Name

Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964
References

Steinmann, H. 1964. The Chrysopa species (Neuroptera) of Hungary. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 56: 257–266. PDF. Reference page.
Henry, C.S., Brooks, S.J., Johnson, J.B., Mochizuki, A. & Duelli, P. 2014. A new cryptic species of the Chrysoperla carnea group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from western Asia: parallel speciation without ecological adaptation. Systematic entomology 39(2): 380–393. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12061 Paywall Reference page.
Henry, C.S., Brooks, S.J., Johnson, J.B., Haruyama, N., Duelli, P. & Mochizuki, A. 2015. A new East-Asian species in the Chrysoperla carnea-group of cryptic lacewing species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) based on distinct larval morphology and a unique courtship song. Zootaxa 3918(2): 194–208. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.2.2 Reference page.
Yang, X.K. & Yang, C.K. 1992. Study on the genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 35(1): 78–86. Online. Reference page.

Chrysoperla is a genus of common green lacewings in the neuropteran family Chrysopidae.[1] Therein they belong to the Chrysopini, the largest tribe of subfamily Chrysopinae.[2] Their larvae are predatory and feed on aphids, and members of this genus have been used in biological pest control.[3] [4]
7 External links

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The genus Chrysoperla was first described by H. Steinmann in 1964 as a subgenus of Chrysopa as Chrysopa (Chrysoperla). His original diagnosis based on facial markings was found to be unreliable by B. Tjeder in 1966, who revised Steinmann's subgeneric classification based on details of male genitalia. In 1970, H. Hölzel revised these subgenera further and moved Chrysoperla to a subgenus of Atlantochrysa as Atlantochrysa (Chrysoperla). It wasn't until 1977 that Chrysoperla was elevated to a full genus by Y. Séméria, based on the combination of the absence of a gonapsis in males, lack of carrying a debris packet in larvae, and overwintering as an adult.[2] This series of revisions further caused species to be moved between genera several times as the taxa, particularly Chrysopa and Chrysoperla, were being redefined.[5] The monophyly of the genus was verified in the revision of Chrysopidae genera by Brooks and Barnard in 1990.[6][2]
Larva of a Chrysoperla species from Italy
Description and identification

Chrysoperla is one of several green lacewing genera with adults having a pale, yellowish stripe down the middle of the body. It is typically separated from other such genera by the short intramedian cell (im), which doesn't overlap the first crossvein from the radial sector. This genus, however, is defined predominantly based on male genitalia. Chrysoperla is one of six genera possessing an arcuate tignum and three genera to lack a gonapsis. It is distinguished from all other green lacewing genera by the presence of spinellae on the gonosaccus in the male genitalia.[6]

Chrysoperla species may be identical in terms of morphology, but can be readily separated based on the vibration signals used to attract mates.[6] For example, the southern European C. mediterranea looks almost identical to its northern relative C. carnea, but their courtship "songs" are very different; individuals of one species will not react to the other's vibrations.[7]
Distribution

This genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.[6][2] Species in this genus are particularly common in both Europe and North America.[5]
Species

There are 67 described species of Chrysoperla. New species of the genus are still being described, particularly since the genus contains at least one cryptic species complex.

Chrysoperla adamsi (Henry, Wells & Pupedis, 1993)
Chrysoperla affinis Henry et al., 2003
Chrysoperla agilis Henry, Brooks, Duelli & Johnson, 2003
Chrysoperla ankylopteryformis Monserrat & Díaz Aranda, 1989
Chrysoperla annae Brooks, 1994
Chrysoperla argentina González & Reguilón, 2002
Chrysoperla asoralis (Banks, 1915)
Chrysoperla barberina (Navás, 1932)
Chrysoperla bellatula X.-k. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992
Chrysoperla bolti Henry et al., 2018
Chrysoperla brevicollis (Rambur, 1842)
Chrysoperla calocedrii Henry et al., 2012
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836)
Chrysoperla chusanina (Navás, 1933)
Chrysoperla comanche (Banks, 1938)
Chrysoperla comans (Tjeder, 1966)
Chrysoperla congrua (Walker, 1853)
Chrysoperla decaryana (Navás, 1934)
Chrysoperla defreitasi Brooks, 1994
Chrysoperla deserticola Hölzel & Ohm, 2003
Chrysoperla downesi (Smith, 1932)
Chrysoperla dozieri (R. C. Smith, 1931)
Chrysoperla duellii Henry, 2019[8]
Chrysoperla euneura X.-k. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992
Chrysoperla europaea Canard & Thierry, 2020[9]
Chrysoperla exotera (Navás, 1914)
Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861)
Chrysoperla exul (McLachlan, 1869)
Chrysoperla furcifera (Okamoto, 1914)
Chrysoperla galapagoensis (Banks, 1924)
Chrysoperla gallagheri Hölzel, 1989
Chrysoperla genanigra de Freitas, 2003
Chrysoperla hainanica X.-k. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992
Chrysoperla harrisii (Fitch, 1855)
Chrysoperla heidarii Henry et al., 2014
Chrysoperla insulata (Fraser, 1957)
Chrysoperla johnsoni Henry, Wells & Pupedis, 1993
Chrysoperla longicaudata X.-k. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992
Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix, 1912)
Chrysoperla mediterranea (Hölzel, 1972)
Chrysoperla mexicana Brooks, 1994
Chrysoperla mutata (McLachlan, 1898)
Chrysoperla nigrinervis Brooks, 1994
Chrysoperla nigrocapitata Henry et al., 2015
Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto, 1914)
Chrysoperla nyerina (Navás, 1933)
Chrysoperla oblita (Hölzel, 1973)
Chrysoperla orestes (Banks, 1911)
Chrysoperla pallida Henry, Brooks, Duelli & Johnson, 2002
Chrysoperla plicata (Tjeder, 1966)
Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch, 1855)
Chrysoperla pudica (Navás, 1914)
Chrysoperla qinlingensis C.-k. Yang & X.-k. Yang, 1989
Chrysoperla raimundoi de Freitas & Penny, 2001
Chrysoperla renoni (Lacroix, 1933)
Chrysoperla rotundata (Navás, 1929)
Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister, 1839)
Chrysoperla savioi (Navás, 1933)
Chrysoperla shahrudensis Henry et al., 2018
Chrysoperla siamensis Brooks, 1994
Chrysoperla sola X.-k. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992
Chrysoperla suzukii (Okamoto, 1919)
Chrysoperla thelephora C.-k. Yang & X.-k. Yang, 1989
Chrysoperla volcanicola Hölzel et al., 1999
Chrysoperla xizangana (C.-k. Yang et al. in F.-s. Huang et al., 1988)
Chrysoperla yulinica C.-k. Yang & X.-k. Yang, 1989
Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen, 1928)
Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen, 1935)

Provisional taxa

There are at least 8 additional "song species" that have been identified within the Chrysoperla carnea group but have yet to be formally described.[10]

Chrysoperla carnea-kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyzstan
Chrysoperla downesi-1 - eastern United States
Chrysoperla downesi-china - China
Chrysoperla downesi-kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyzstan
Chrysoperla downesi-western - western United States
Chrysoperla nipponensis-a2 - Asia
Chrysoperla nipponensis-b - Asia

References

Villenave-Chasset, Johanna; Thierry, Dominique; Al Mamun, Abdullah; Lodé, Thierry; Rat-Morris, Elizabeth (2005). "The pollens consumed by common green lacewings Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in cabbage crop environment in western France". 2005European Journal of Entomology. 102 (3): 547–552. doi:10.14411/eje.2005.078.
Brooks, S.J. (1994). "A taxonomic review of the common green lacewing genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. 63 (2): 137–210. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
New, T. R. (2002). "Prospects for extending the use of Australian lacewings in biological control" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 48 (2): 209–216.
Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (2007). "The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera)". American Museum Novitates. 3587: 1–58. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3587[1:TNFODA]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
Shakir, Hafiz Usman; Anjum, Najuf Awais; Ali, Qurban; Saleem, Shahzad; Awais, Muhammad; Anwar, Tauqir (2015). "Molecular systematics of Chrysoperla carnea group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Punjab, Pakistan". 2015Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural and Social Sciences. 3 (1): 12–15. doi:10.17957/JGIASS/3.1.677. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
Brooks, S.J.; Barnard, P.C. (1990). "The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. 59 (2): 117–286. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
Henry, Charles S.; Brooks, Stephen J.; Johnson, James B.; Duelli, Peter (1999). "Revised concept of Chrysoperla mediterranea (Hölzel), a green lacewing associated with conifers: courtship songs across 2800 kilometres of Europe (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)". Systematic Entomology. 24 (4): 335–350. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1999.00085.x.
Henry, Charles S.; Taylor, Katherine L.; Johnson, J.B. (2019). "A new lacewing species of the Chrysoperla carnea species-group from central Asia associated with conifers (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)". Journal of Natural History. 53 (21–22): 1277–1300. doi:10.1080/00222933.2019.1644385.
Canard, Michel; Thierry, Dominique (2020). "Description of a new species of Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 of the Ch. mediterranea Hölzel, 1972 group from Europe (Neuropterida, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)". Linzer biologische Beiträge. 52 (1): 141–149. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5275235.
Oswald, John D. (Jul 2018). "Chrysoperla advanced search results in Neuropterida Species of the World". Lacewing Digital Library. Retrieved 2022-01-24.