Plantaginaceae

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Plantaginaceae
Tribus: Angelonieae – Antirrhineae – Callitricheae – Cheloneae – Digitalideae – Globularieae – Gratioleae – Hemiphragmeae – Plantagineae – Russelieae – Sibthorpieae – Veroniceae

Genera: Acanthorrhinum – Achetaria – Adenosma – Albraunia – Anarrhinum – Angelonia – Antirrhinum – Aragoa – Asarina – Bacopa – Basistemon – Benjaminia – Besseya – Bougueria – Bryodes – Bythophyton – Callitriche – Campylanthus – Chaenorhinum – Chelone – Chionophila – Cochlidiosperma – Collinsia – Conobea – Cymbalaria – Darcya – Deinostema – Derwentia – Detzneria – Digitalis – Dintera – Dizygostemon – Dopatrium – Ellisiophyllum – Encopella – Epixiphium – Erinus – Gadoria – Galvezia – Gambelia – Geochorda – Globularia – Gratiola – Hebe – Hemianthus – Hemiphragma – Herpestis – Hippuris – Holmgrenanthe – Holzneria – Hydrotriche – Hydrotrida – Kashmiria – Keckiella – Kickxia – Lafuentea – Lagotis – Lapaea – Leptandra – Leucospora – Limnophila – Linaria – Lindenbergia – Littorella – Lophospermum – Lunellia – Mabrya – Maeviella – Matourea – Maurandella – Maurandya – Mecardonia – Melosperma – Micranthemum – Misopates – Mohavea – Monopera – Monttea – Nanorrhinum – Neogaerrhinum – Neopicrorhiza – Nothochelone – Nuttallanthus – Odicardis – Ourisia – Paederota – Paederotella – Parahebe – Pennellianthus – Penstemon – Plantago – Poskea – Psammetes – Pseudolysimachion – Rhodochiton – Russelia – Sairocarpus – Schistophragma – Scoparia – Scrofella – Sibthorpia – Stemodia – Synthyris – Tetranema – Tetraulacium – Tonella – Trapella – Uroskinnera – Veronica – Veronicastrum – Wulfenia – Wulfeniopsis
Name

Plantaginaceae Juss. Gen. Pl. 89–90. (1789) nom. cons.

Type genus: Plantago L. Sp. Pl. 1: 112. (1753)

Synonyms

Callitrichaceae Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 7. 16 Mar-30 Jun 1821.
Chelonaceae Martinov, Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 124. 1820.
Digitalidaceae Martinov, Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 202. 3 Aug 1820.
Ellisiophyllaceae Honda, Syst. Pl. Japon. (Honda & Sakissaka) 373. 1930.
Globulariaceae DC., Fl. Franç. (Lamarck & A.P. de Candolle) ed. 3, 3: 427. 17 Sep 1805, nom. cons.
Hippuridaceae Vest, Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 265, 278. 1818.
Littorellaceae Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 290, 294. 10 Jan 1822.
Psylliaceae Horan., Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat.: 69. Jul-Dec 1834.
Veronicaceae Cassel, Lehrb. Nat. Pflanzenord.: 366. Apr-Mai 1817

References

Jussieu, A.L. 1789. Genera Plantarum 89-90.
Albach, D.C., Meudt, H.M. & Oxelman, B. 2005. Piecing together the “new” Plantaginaceae. American Journal of Botany 92(2): 297-315. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 Open access Reference page.
Christenhuiz, M.J.M. 2010. Nomenclatural corrections in Mesoamerican Plantaginaceae and a new species of Tetranema from Honduras. Phytotaxa 14: 56–60. PDF. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Plantaginaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Dec. 11. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2020. Plantaginaceae. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2020. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Dec. 15. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Plantaginaceae. Published online. Accessed: Dec. 11 2020.
Olmstead, R.G. (ed.) 2016. A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales. Version 2.6.2 (in prog.). 20 pp. PDF (Internet Archive) Reference page. Accessed 14 Feb. 2014.
Tropicos.org 2014. Plantaginaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 15 May 2014.

Vernacular names
العربية: حملية
asturianu: Plantaginacees
azərbaycanca: Bağayarpağıkimilər
беларуская: Трыпутнікавыя
català: Plantaginàcies
čeština: Jitrocelovité
dansk: Vejbred-familien
Deutsch: Wegerichgewächse
English: Plantain family
Esperanto: Plantagacoj
español: Plantagináceas
eesti: Teelehelised
فارسی: بارهنگیان
suomi: Ratamokasvit
français: Plantaginacées
עברית: לחכיים
hrvatski: Trpučevke
hornjoserbsce: Putnikowe rostliny
magyar: Útifűfélék
íslenska: Græðisúruætt
italiano: Plantaginacee
日本語: オオバコ科
қазақша: Бақажапырақ тұқымдасы
한국어: 질경이과
kurdî: Famîleya belghewêzan
lietuvių: Gyslotiniai
македонски: Тегавци
മലയാളം: പ്ലാന്റാജിയേസീ
Nederlands: Weegbreefamilie
norsk nynorsk: Kjempefamilien
norsk: Kjempefamilien
polski: Babkowate
Runa Simi: Qallu yura rikch'aq ayllu
русский: Подорожниковые
slovenčina: Skorocelovité
svenska: Grobladsväxter
ไทย: วงศ์เทียนเกล็ดหอย
Türkçe: Sinirli otgiller
українська: Подорожникові
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Zubturumdoshlar
Tiếng Việt: Họ Mã đề
中文: 车前科

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family (unrelated to the cooking plantain), is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

Overview

The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera: Bougueria, Littorella, and Plantago. However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae sensu stricto (in the strict sense) were nested within Scrophulariaceae (but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, Scrophularia). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family including Plantago. Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The name Antirrhinaceae has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003)[3] chose to use the name Veronicaceae, a later synonym.

A group of genera including Lindernia has now been segregated[4][5] as the family Linderniaceae,[6] which is recognized by Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family".

Plantaginaceae sensu lato (in the broad sense) are a diverse, cosmopolitan family, occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists of herbs, shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots (such as the genus Callitriche). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish.[4]

The leaves are spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs.

The structure and form of the flowers is variable. Some genera are 4-merous (i.e., with 4 sepals and 4 petals), such as Aragoa (but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5- to 8-merous, such as Sibthorpia. The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. The corolla is often two-lipped. In some taxa, the androecium is formed before the corolla.

The fruit is a capsule that dehisces through the partitions between the cells.[7]
Genera
Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India.
Matourea azurea in Kerala

The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 94 genera and about 1,900 species.[8] The largest genus is Veronica, with about 450 species. Veronica also includes the genera Hebe, Parahebe and Synthyris, formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae except where otherwise stated.

Tribe Angelonieae

Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl.
Basistemon Turcz.
Melosperma Benth.
Monopera Barringer
Monttea Gay
Ourisia Comm. ex Juss.[9]

Tribe Antirrhineae

Acanthorrhinum Rothm.
Albraunia Speta
Anarrhinum Desf.
Antirrhinum L.
Asarina Mill.
Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb.
Cymbalaria Hill
Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz
Galvezia Dombey ex Juss.
Gambelia Nutt.
Holmgrenanthe Elisens
Holzneria Speta
Howelliella Rothm.
Kickxia Dumort.
Linaria Mill.
Lophospermum D.Don
Mabrya Elisens
Maurandya Ortega
Misopates Raf.
Mohavea A.Gray
Neogaerrhinum Rothm.
Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton
Pseudomisopates Güemes
Pseudorontium (A.Gray) Rothm.
Rhodochiton Zucc. ex Otto & A. Dietr.
Sairocarpus D.A.Sutton
Schweinfurthia A.Braun[10]

Tribe Callitricheae

Callitriche L.
Hippuris L.[11]

Tribe Cheloneae

Brookea Benth.
Chelone L.
Chionophila Benth.
Collinsia Nutt.
Keckiella Straw
Nothochelone (A.Gray) Straw
Pennellianthus Crosswh.[12]
Penstemon Schmidel
Tonella Nutt. ex A.Gray
Uroskinnera Lindl.[13]

Tribe Digitalideae

Digitalis L.
Erinus L.[14]

Tribe Globularieae

Campylanthus Roth
Globularia L.
Poskea Vatke[15]

Tribe Gratioleae

Achetaria Cham. & Schltdl.
Adenosma R.Br.
Bacopa Aubl.
Benjaminia Mart. ex Benj.
Boelckea Rossow
Capraria L.
Cheilophyllum Pennell ex Britton
Conobea Aubl.
Darcya B.L.Turner & C.C.Cowan
Deinostema T.Yamaz.
Dizygostemon (Benth.) Radlk. ex Wettst.
Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.
Fonkia Phil.
Geochorda Cham. & Schltdl.
Gratiola L.
Hydranthelium Kunth
Hydrotriche Zucc.
Ildefonsia Gardner
Leucospora Nutt.
Limnophila R.Br.

Maeviella Rossow
Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav.
Otacanthus Lindl.
Philcoxia P.Taylor & V.C.Souza
Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl.
Schizosepala G.M.Barroso
Scoparia L.
Sophronanthe Bentham
Stemodia L.
Tetraulacium Turcz.[16]

Tribe Hemiphragmeae

Hemiphragma Wall.[17]

Tribe Plantagineae

Aragoa Kunth
Littorella P.J.Bergius
Plantago L.[18]

Tribe Russelieae

Russelia Jacq.
Tetranema Benth.[19]

Tribe Sibthorpieae

Ellisiophyllum Maxim.
Sibthorpia L.[20]

Tribe Veroniceae

Chionohebe B.G.Briggs & Ehrend.
Detzneria Schltr. ex Diels
Hebe Comm. ex Juss.
Kashmiria D.Y.Hong
Lagotis Gaertn.
Neopicrorhiza D.Y.Hong
Paederota L.
Parahebe W.R.B.Oliv.
Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth.
Scrofella Maxim.
Synthyris Benth.
Veronica L.
Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr.
Wulfenia Jacq.
Wulfeniopsis D.Y.Hong[21]

Although GRIN includes Lafuentea Lag. in the tribe Antirrhineae,[10] in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2013)[22] it was a sister to the Antirrhineae, as also noted by Albach (2005).[4] For the time being it should be considered an outgroup.
Excluded genera

Artanema D.Don → Linderniaceae
Bryodes Benth. → Phrymaceae
Bythophyton Hook.f. → Phrymaceae
Chamaegigas Dinter ex Heil → Linderniaceae
Craterostigma Hochst. → Linderniaceae
Dintera Stapf → Phrymaceae
Encopella Pennell → Phrymaceae
Legazpia Blanco → Linderniaceae
Limosella L. → Scrophulariaceae

Lindenbergia Lehm. → Orobanchaceae
Lindernia All. → Linderniaceae
Micranthemum Michx. → Linderniaceae
Microcarpaea R.Br. → Phrymaceae
Picria Lour. → Linderniaceae
Psammetes Hepper → Phrymaceae
Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. → Orobanchaceae
Torenia L. → Linderniaceae[23]

References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
"Family: Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
Olmstead, Richard G. (2002). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?" (PDF). Fremontia. 30: 13–22.
Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany. 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407.
Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R. G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae". Taxon. 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.
Rahmanzadeh, R.; Müller, K.; Fischer, E.; Bartels, D.; Borsch, T. (2005). "The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales)". Plant Biology. 7 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830444. PMID 15666207.
Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon. 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731. JSTOR 25065731.
Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Angelonieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Antirrhineae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Callitricheae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
Crosswhite, Frank S.; Kawano, Shoichi (1970). "Pennellianthus (Scrophulariaceae)--A New Genus of Japan and USSR". The American Midland Naturalist. pp. 358–367. doi:10.2307/2423949. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Cheloneae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Digitalideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Globularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Hemiphragmeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Plantagineae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Russelieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Sipthorpieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
"GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Veroniceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario; Blanco-Pastor, José Luis; Vargas, Pablo (February 2013). "A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 174 (2): 234–249. doi:10.1086/668790. JSTOR 10.1086/668790. S2CID 85302392.

"GRIN genera sometimes placed in Plantaginaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2011-04-28.

Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.

Bibliography

Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. Plant Syst Evol 249:151–172.