Classification System: APG IV
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales
Familia: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Veronica
Subgenera: (12)
V. subg. Beccabunga – V. subg. Chamaedrys – V. subg. Cochlidiosperma – V. subg. Pellidosperma – V. subg. Pentasepalae – V. subg. Pocilla – V. subg. Pseudolysimachion – V. subg. Pseudoveronica – V. subg. Stenocarpon – V. subg. Synthyris – V. subg. Triangulicapsula – V. subg. Veronica
Species
V. abyssinica – V. acinifolia – V. acrotheca – V. adamsii – V. affinis – V. agrestis – V. alaskensis – V. alatavica – V. albicans – V. albiflora – V. allahuekberensis – V. allionii – V. alpina – V. altaica – V. americana – V. amoena – V. amplexicaulis – V. anagallis-aquatica – V. anagalloides – V. angustissima – V. annulata – V. antalyensis – V. aphylla – V. aragonensis – V. archboldii – V. arcuata – V. arenaria – V. arganthera – V. arguta – V. arguteserrata – V. armena – V. armstrongii – V. arvensis – V. astonii – V. aucheri – V. austriaca – V. austrosibirica – V. avromanica – V. aznavourii – V. bachofenii – V. balansae – V. baranetzkii – V. barkeri – V. barrelieri – V. baumgartenii – V. baylyi – V. beccabunga – V. bellidioides – V. benthamii – V. besseya – V. bidwillii – V. biloba – V. birleyi – V. bishopiana – V. blakelyi – V. blockiana – V. bogosensis – V. bollonsii – V. bombycina – V. borissovae – V. borysthenica – V. bozakmanii – V. brachysiphon – V. brassii – V. breviracemosa – V. buchananii – V. bucharica – V. bullii – V. bungei – V. cachemirica – V. caespitosa – V. calcicola – V. californica – V. callitrichoides – V. calycina – V. campylopoda – V. cana – V. canbyi – V. canescens – V. canterburiensis – V. capillipes – V. capitata – V. capsellicarpa – V. cardiocarpa – V. carminea – V. carstensensis – V. cassinioides – V. catarractae – V. catenata – V. caucasica – V. ceratocarpa – V. cetikiana – V. chamaedrys – V. chamaepithyoides – V. chathamica – V. chayuensis – V. cheesemanii – V. chinoalpina – V. chionantha – V. chionohebe – V. ciliata – V. ciliolata – V. cinerea – V. cockayneana – V. colchica – V. colensoi – V. colostylis – V. consolatae – V. contandriopouli – V. continua – V. copelandii – V. corriganii – V. cretacea – V. crinita – V. crista-galli – V. cryptomorpha – V. cuneifolia – V. cupressoides – V. cusickii – V. cymbalaria – V. czemalensis – V. czerniakowskiana – V. dabneyi – V. daghestanica – V. daranica – V. daurica – V. davisii – V. debilis – V. decora – V. decorosa – V. decumbens – V. deltigera – V. densiflora – V. densifolia – V. denudata – V. derwentiana – V. dichrus – V. dieffenbachii – V. dilatata – V. dillenii – V. diosmifolia – V. diosmoides – V. dissecta – V. distans – V. donetzica – V. donii – V. elliptica – V. elmaliensis – V. emodi – V. epacridea – V. erciyasdagii – V. erinoides – V. eriogyne – V. ersin-yucelii – V. euphrasiifolia – V. euxina – V. evenosa – V. fairfieldii – V. fargesii – V. farinosa – V. fedtschenkoi – V. filifolia – V. filiformis – V. filipes – V. flavida – V. formosa – V. forrestii – V. fragilis – V. franciscana – V. francispetae – V. fraterna – V. fridericae – V. fruticans – V. fruticulosa – V. fuhsii – V. galathica – V. gaubae – V. gayeri – V. gentianoides – V. gibbsii – V. glandulosa – V. glauca – V. glaucophylla – V. godefroyana – V. gorbunovii – V. gorumsensis – V. gracillima – V. grandiflora – V. grisea – V. grisebachii – V. grosseserrata – V. gunae – V. haastii – V. handelii – V. hectorii – V. hederifolia – V. henryi – V. hillebrandii – V. himalensis – V. hirta – V. hispidula – V. hookeri – V. hookeriana – V. hulkeana – V. idahoensis – V. imbricata – V. imerethica – V. incana – V. inflexa – V. insularis – V. intercedens – V. ionantha – V. islensis – V. japonensis – V. javanica – V. jovellanoides – V. kaiseri – V. kellowiae – V. khorassanica – V. koelzii – V. kolyvanensis – V. kopetdaghensis – V. kopgecidiensis – V. kotschyana – V. krasnoborovii – V. krumovii – V. krylovii – V. kurdica – V. lackschewitzii – V. laevastonii – V. lanosa – V. lanuginosa – V. lavaudiana – V. laxissima – V. leiocarpa – V. leiosala – V. lendenfeldii – V. leucothrix – V. lewisii – V. ligustrifolia – V. linariifolia – V. linearis – V. linifolia – V. lithophila – V. liwanensis – V. longifolia – V. longipedicellata – V. longipetiolata – V. lyallii – V. lycica – V. lycopodioides – V. maccaskillii – V. macrantha – V. macrocalyx – V. macrocarpa – V. macropoda – V. macrostachya – V. macrostemon – V. magna – V. mampodrensis – V. mannii – V. masoniae – V. matthewsii – V. mauksii – V. maura – V. maximowicziana – V. mazanderanae – V. media – V. melanocaulon – V. melissifolia – V. mexicana – V. michauxii – V. micrantha – V. microcarpa – V. micromera – V. miqueliana – V. mirabilis – V. missurica – V. monantha – V. montana – V. montbretii – V. monticola – V. mooreae – V. morrisonicola – V. multifida – V. muratae – V. murrellii – V. musa – V. myosotoides – V. myriantha – V. nakaiana – V. nana – V. nevadensis – V. nipponica – V. nivea – V. notabilis – V. notialis – V. nummularia – V. oblongifolia – V. obtusata – V. ochracea – V. odora – V. oetaea – V. officinalis – V. ogurae – V. olgensis – V. oligosperma – V. oltensis – V. onoei – V. opaca – V. orchidea – V. orientalis – V. ornata – V. orsiniana – V. oxycarpa – V. ovata – V. ozturkii – V. paederotae – V. paniculata – V. panormitana – V. papuana – V. pareora – V. parnkalliana – V. parviflora – V. parvifolia – V. pauciramosa – V. paysonii – V. pectinata – V. peduncularis – V. pentasepala – V. perbella – V. peregrina – V. perfoliata – V. persica – V. petraea – V. petriei – V. phormiiphila – V. pimeleoides – V. pinguifolia – V. pinnata – V. piroliformis – V. planopetiolata – V. plantaginea – V. platycarpa – V. plebeia – V. polifolia – V. polita – V. polium – V. polozhiae – V. ponae – V. praecox – V. propinqua – V. prostrata – V. pubescens – V. pulvinaris – V. punicea – V. pusanensis – V. pusilla – V. pyrethrina – V. qingheensis – V. quezelii – V. rakaiensis – V. ramosissima – V. ranunculina – V. raoulii – V. rapensis – V. rechingeri – V. regina-nivalis – V. reidii – V. repens – V. reuterana – V. reverdattoi – V. rhodopaea – V. riae – V. rigidula – V. ritteriana – V. rivalis – V. robusta – V. rockii – V. rosea – V. rotunda – V. rubra – V. rubrifolia – V. rupicola – V. sajanensis – V. salicifolia – V. salicornioides – V. samuelssonii – V. sapiehae – V. sapozhnikovii – V. sartoriana – V. satureiifolia – V. saturejoides – V. saxicola – V. scardica – V. schistosa – V. schizantha – V. schmakovii – V. schmidtiana – V. scopulorum – V. scrupea – V. scutellata – V. semiglabrata – V. senex – V. sennenii – V. sergievskiana – V. serpyllifolia – V. sessiliflora – V. siaretensis – V. sibthorpioides – V. sieboldiana – V. simensis – V. simulans – V. smirnovii – V. sobolifera – V. societatis – V. spathulata – V. speciosa – V. spectabilis – V. spicata – V. spirei – V. spuria – V. stamatiadae – V. stenophylla – V. stewartii – V. stricta – V. strictissima – V. strigosa – V. stylophora – V. subalpina – V. subfulvida – V. sublobata – V. subsessilis – V. subtilis – V. sutchuensis – V. syriaca – V. szechuanica – V. tairawhiti – V. taiwanalpina – V. taiwanica – V. tauricola – V. telephiifolia – V. tenuifolia – V. tenuissima – V. tetragona – V. tetrasticha – V. teucrium – V. thessalica – V. thomsonii – V. thymifolia – V. thymoides – V. tianschanica – V. tibetica – V. topiaria – V. townsonii – V. traversii – V. treadwellii – V. trichadena – V. trifida – V. triloba – V. triphyllos – V. truncatula – V. tsinglingensis – V. tubata – V. tumadzhanovii – V. tumida – V. turrilliana – V. umbelliformis – V. undulata – V. uniflora – V. uralensis – V. urticifolia – V. urvilleana – V. utahensis – V. vadiniensis – V. vandasii – V. vandellioides – V. vandewateri – V. vanensis – V. velutina – V. vendettadeae – V. venustula – V. verna – V. vernicosa – V. vindobonensis – V. violiifolia – V. viscosa – V. wallii – V. wilhelminensis – V. wormskjoldii – V. wyomingensis – V. yildirimlii – V. yunnanensis – V. zygantha
Nothospecies
V. × amphibola – V. × austrosibirica – V. × bidwillii – V. × bishopiana – V. × blockiana – V. × bolosiana – V. × cantiana – V. × carsei – V. × cassinioides – V. × churchillii – V. × delphinensis – V. × divergens – V. × erecta – V. × felsogoedensis – V. × gundisalvii – V. × jaccardii – V. × joannis-wagneri – V. × kirkii – V. × lackschewitzii – V. × laevastonii – V. × leiosala – V. × leucothrix – V. × lewisii – V. × loganioides – V. × major – V. × mannheimiensis – V. × mauksii – V. × microcoma – V. × mixta – V. × monticola – V. × myriantha – V. × otrubae – V. × pacheri – V. × sapiehae – V. × sapozhnikovii – V. × schmakovii – V. × sekkauensis – V. × simmonsii – V. × sooana
Name
Veronica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 9 (1753); Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 10 (1754).
Lectotypus: Veronica officinalis L., designated by N.L. Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 3: 199 (1913); supported by Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot. 116 (1929).
Synonyms
Homotypic
Cardia Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 387. 1867, nom. illeg. non Rchb. (1828).
Veronica sect. Uranostachys Dumort., Fl. Belg. 35. 1827.
Uranostachys (Dumort.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ser. 2. 17: 128, 1869.
Heterotypic
Beccabunga
Besseya
Cochlidiosperma
Chionohebe Briggs & Ehrendorfer
Derwentia Raf. (1836)
Hebe Juss.
Heliohebe Garn.-Jones (1993)
Leonohebe Heads (1987)
Lunellia Lunellia Nieuwl. (1914)
Panoxis Raf. (1830) nom. illeg.
Parahebe W.R.B.Oliv. (1944)
Petrodora Fourr.
Pygmea Hook.f. (1864) (nom. illegit.)
Pocilla Fourr.
Pseudolysimachion Opiz
Veronicella Fabr.
References
Primary references
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 9. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 10. Reference page.
Additional references
Britton, N.L. & Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. ed. 2. C. Scribner's sons, New York. Vol. 3: 199. Reference page.
Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Borissova, A.G. 1955. Veronica. Pp. 329–500 in Schischkin, B.K. & Bobrov, E.G. (eds.), Flora URSS (Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum) XXII. [Solanaceae – Scrophulariaceae] [in Russian]. xxv + 861 pp., Academia Scientiarum URSS, Mosqua, Leningrad. DJVU. English translation: 745 pp. BHL Reference page.
D.Y.Hong & Fischer, M.A. 1998. Veronica. Pp. 65-79 in Wu, Zh.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.), Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 0-915279-55-X. efloras Reference page.
Albach, D.C., Martínez-Ortega, M.M., Fischer, M.A. & Chase, M.W. 2004. A new classification of the tribe Veroniceae — problems and a possible solution. Taxon 53(2): 429–452. DOI: 10.2307/4135620 JSTOR Reference page.
Albach, D.C., Martínez-Ortega, M.M., Delgado, L., Weiss-Schneeweiss, H., Özgökce, F. & Fischer, M.A. 2008. Chromosome Numbers in Veroniceae (Plantaginaceae): Review and Several New Counts. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 95(4): 543-567. DOI: 10.3417/2006094 PDF from ResearchGate Reference page.
Briggs, B.G. & Ehrendorfer, F. 2006. New Australian species and typifications in Veronica sens. lat. (Plantaginaceae). Telopea 11(3): 276–292. BHL PDF Reference page.
Garnock-Jones, P.J., Albach, D. & Briggs, B.G. 2007. Botanical names in Southern Hemisphere Veronica (Plantaginaceae): sect. Detzneria, sect. Hebe, and sect. Labiatoides. Taxon 56(2): 571–582. DOI: 10.1002/tax.562028 PDF from ResearchGate Reference page.
Garnock-Jones, P.J. 2008. Botanical names for hybrids in Veronica sect. Hebe (Plantaginaceae) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 46(4): 523–529. DOI: 10.1080/00288250809509782 Open access. Reference page.
Meudt, H.M. 2008. Taxonomic revision of Australasian snow hebes (Veronica, Plantaginaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 21(6): 387–421. DOI: 10.1071/SB08034 Reference page.
Links
Hassler, M. 2019. Veronica. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Feb. 15. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Veronica in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Sep 20. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2020. Veronica. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 20 Sep 2020.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Veronica in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2020 Sep 20.
Vernacular names
العربية: زهرة الحواشي
azərbaycanca: Bulaqotu
беларуская: Крынічнік
български: Великденче
català: Verònica
čeština: rozrazil
dansk: Ærenpris
Deutsch: Ehrenpreis
dolnoserbski: Rozraz
Ελληνικά: Βερόνικα
English: Speedwell, Bird's eye, Gypsyweed
Esperanto: Veroniko
eesti: Mailane
فارسی: سیزاب
suomi: Tädykkeet
français: Véronique
Gaeilge: Seamair chré
עברית: ורוניקה
hornjoserbsce: Rozraz
magyar: Veronika
հայերեն: Բերենիկե, վահշիժակ
Ido: Veroniko
íslenska: Deplur
日本語: 鍬形草属, クワガタソウ属
ქართული: ვერონიკა
қазақша: Бөденешөп
한국어: 개불알풀속
lietuvių: Veronika
македонски: Велигденче
Nederlands: Ereprijs
norsk nynorsk: Planteslekta Veronika
norsk: Veronikaslekta
polski: Przetacznik
Runa Simi: Ch'iwa
română: Veronica
русский: Вероника
slovenčina: veronika
svenska: Veronikasläktet
Türkçe: Veronika, Yavşan otu
українська: Вероніка
Winaray: Veronica
中文: 腹水草属
Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species. It was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.
Taxonomy for this genus is currently being reanalysed, with the genus Hebe and the related Australasian genera Derwentia, Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe now included by many botanists.[2][3] Monophyly of the genus is supported by nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA.[4]
The taxa of the genus are herbaceous annuals or perennials, and also subshrubs, shrubs or small trees if Hebe is included. Most of the species are from the temperate Northern Hemisphere, though with some species from the Southern Hemisphere; Hebe is mostly from New Zealand.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
1.1 Selected species
2 Uses
2.1 Food and medicine
2.2 Ground cover
3 As weeds
4 Ecology
5 References
6 External links
Taxonomy
The genus name Veronica used in binomial nomenclature was chosen by Carl Linnaeus based on preexisting common usage of the name veronica in many European languages for plants in this group. Such use in English is attested as early as 1572.[5] The name probably reflects a connection with Saint Veronica, whose Latin name is ultimately derived from Greek, Berenice.[6]
Selected species
Main article: List of Veronica species
As of October 2022, Plants of the World Online listed about 460 accepted species and hybrids in the genus Veronica. This includes species formerly placed in the genus Hebe.[1]
Veronica agrestis, green field-speedwell
Veronica alaskensis, Alaska speedwell
Veronica alpina, alpine speedwell
Veronica americana, American brooklime
Veronica anagallis-aquatica, water speedwell
Veronica aphylla, leafless stemmed speedwell
Veronica arcuata
Veronica arenaria
Veronica arvensis, wall speedwell
Veronica austriaca, Austrian speedwell
Veronica beccabunga, brooklime
Veronica bellidioides
Veronica besseya
Veronica bishopiana
Veronica bullii
Veronica calycina, cup speedwell
Veronica catarractae
Veronica catenata
Veronica chamaedrys, germander speedwell
Veronica cinerea
Veronica continua B.G.Briggs
Veronica copelandii
Veronica cusickii, Cusick's speedwell
Veronica cymbalaria, pale speedwell
Veronica dabneyi, Azores speedwell
Veronica derwentiana, Derwent speedwell
Veronica dillenii
Veronica diosmifolia
Veronica filiformis, slender speedwell
Veronica formosa
Veronica fruticans, rock speedwell
Veronica gentianoides, gentian speedwell
Veronica gracilis
Veronica hederifolia, ivy-leaved speedwell
Veronica incana, silver speedwell
Veronica japonensis
Veronica jovellanoides
Veronica liwanensis
Veronica longifolia, long-leaved speedwell
Veronica lyallii
Veronica mannii
Veronica missurica
Veronica montana, wood speedwell
Veronica nivea
Veronica obtusata
Veronica officinalis, heath speedwell
Veronica ovata
Veronica panormitana
Veronica peduncularis
Veronica peregrina, American speedwell
Veronica perfoliata, Digger's speedwell
Veronica persica, common field-speedwell
Veronica pimeleoides
Veronica pinguifolia
Veronica plebeia, creeping speedwell
Veronica polita, grey field speedwell
Veronica ponae
Veronica prostrata, sprawling speedwell
Veronica rakaiensis
Veronica regina-nivalis
Veronica repens, Corsican speedwell
Veronica salicifolia
Veronica scutellata, marsh speedwell
Veronica serpyllifolia, thyme-leaved speedwell
Veronica speciosa
Veronica spicata, spiked speedwell
Veronica stricta
Veronica strictissima
Veronica syriaca
Veronica topiaria
Veronica traversii
Veronica triphyllos, fingered speedwell
Veronica turrilliana
Veronica verna, spring speedwell
Veronica vernicosa
Veronica wormskjoldii, Wormskjold's speedwell
Uses
Food and medicine
Veronica americana is edible and nutritious, as are most species in the genus Veronica, and is reported to have a flavor similar to watercress. Native Americans used Veronica species as an expectorant tea to alleviate bronchial congestion associated with asthma and allergies.[according to whom?] The plant can be confused with skullcap and other members of the mint family. Members of the mint family have square sided stems, and Veronica species have rounded stems.[7]
Veronica sp. herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea) for treatment of disorders of the nervous system, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and metabolism.[8]
Ground cover
Several Veronica species and cultivars are cultivated for use as ground cover.[9]
As weeds
Several species of speedwell are sometimes considered weeds in lawns.[10] Some of the more common of these are Persian speedwell (V. persica),[11] creeping speedwell (V. filiformis),[12] corn speedwell (V. arvensis),[13] germander speedwell (V. chamaedrys), and ivy-leaved speedwell (V. hederifolia). It is often difficult to tell one species from another. There are five to seven species of speedwell in Michigan alone that are easily confused.[12]
Ecology
Species of Veronica are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera, including the grizzled skipper.
An annual life history is known to have evolved separately several times within the genus, with up to 10% of the genus now having an annual life cycle.[14] An annual life cycle, and associated morphological traits, is an adaptation thought to have developed in response to an extremely arid or generally unpredictable environment, and may persist in Veronica due to a historic concentration and radiation of members of the genus in and from the climatically volatile Balkan Peninsula.[14]
References
"Veronica L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
Thompson, Ken (20 Jan 2011). "Don't judge a plant by appearances". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
"Hebe or Veronica". Our Changing World. Radio New Zealand. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Albach & Meudt, D.C. & H.M. (2010). "Phylogeny of Veronica in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres based on plastid, nuclear ribosomal and nuclear low-copy DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (2): 457–471. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.030. PMID 19796701.
"veronica", Oxford English Dictionary, online edition.
Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Elsevier 1967
Tilford, G. L. Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. ISBN 0-87842-359-1[page needed]
Vogl, Sylvia; Picker, Paolo; Mihaly-Bison, Judit; Fakhrudin, Nanang; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Heiss, Elke H.; Wawrosch, Christoph; Reznicek, Gottfried; Dirsch, Verena M.; Saukel, Johannes; Kopp, Brigitte (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
Klett, J. E. and R. A. Cox. Ground Cover Plants. Fact Sheet no. 7.400. Colorado State University Extension. 2009.
Corn Speedwell. TurfFiles.
Persian speedwell. Weed Gallery. U.C. Davis.
Creeping Speedwell. MSU Turf Weeds. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University.
Corn Speedwell. MSU Turf Weeds. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University.
Wang, J.C., Pan, B.R., & Albach, D.C. (2016). "Evolution of morphological and climatic adaptations in Veronica L. (Plantaginaceae)". PeerJ. 4: e2333. doi:10.7717/peerj.2333. PMC 4991887. PMID 27602296.
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