Classification System: APG IV
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales
Familiae: Achariaceae - Balanopaceae - Bonnetiaceae - Calophyllaceae - Caryocaraceae - Centroplacaceae - Chrysobalanaceae - Clusiaceae - Ctenolophonaceae - Dichapetalaceae - Elatinaceae - Erythroxylaceae - Euphorbiaceae - Euphroniaceae - Goupiaceae - Humiriaceae - Hypericaceae - Irvingiaceae - Ixonanthaceae - Lacistemataceae - Linaceae - Lophopyxidaceae - Malpighiaceae - Ochnaceae - Pandaceae - Passifloraceae (sometimes circumscribed as Passifloraceae sensu stricto, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae) - Peraceae - Phyllanthaceae - Picrodendraceae - Podostemaceae - Putranjivaceae - Rafflesiaceae - Rhizophoraceae - Salicaceae (sometimes circumscribed as Salicaceae sensu stricto, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae; Wurdack & Davis, 2009) - Trigoniaceae - Violaceae
Name
Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Prir. Rostlin, 225. (1820)
Typus: Malpighia L. Sp. Pl. 1: 425. (1753)
Synonyms
Balanopales
Chrysobalanales
Elatinales
Euphorbiales
Flacourtiales
Homaliales
Hypericales
Irvingales
Lacistematales
Liriales
Lophirales Tiegh., J. Bot. (Morot) 15(6): 193. 1901.
Marathrales
Medusagynales
Ochnales
Pandales
Passiflorales
Phyllanthales
Podostemales
Rafflesiales
Rhizophorales
Salicales
Samydales
Scyphostegiales
Turnerales
Violales
References
Jussieu, A.L. de 1820. O Prirozenosti Rostlin 225.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 105–121. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x Open access Reference page.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. DOI: 10.1111/boj.12385 Reference page.
Endress, P.K., Davis, C.C. & Matthews, M.L. 2013. Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants. Annals of Botany 111(5): 969–985. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct056 Full text PDF Reference page.
Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. 2015. The Evolution of Violaceae from an Anatomical and Morphological Perspective. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 100(4): 393-406. DOI: 10.3417/2012027 Paywall Reference page.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Malpighiales. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 Jan. 25.
Wurdack, K.J. & Davis, C.C. 2009. Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. American Journal of Botany, 96(8): 1551-1570. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800207 PDF. Reference page.
Xi, Z., Ruhfel, B.R., Schaefer, H., Amorim, A.M., Sugumaran, M., Wurdack, K.J., Endress, P.K., Matthews, M.L., Stevens, P.F., Mathews, S. & Davis, C.C. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(43): 17519-17524. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205818109 Full text PDF Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: ملبيغيات
azərbaycanca: Söyüdçiçəklilər
català: Malpighial
čeština: Malpígiotvaré
dansk: Barbadoskirsebær-ordenen
Deutsch: Malpighienartige
Esperanto: Malpigialoj
eesti: Malpiigialaadsed
فارسی: مالپیگیسانان
עברית: מלפיגאים
日本語: キントラノオ目
перем коми: Мальпигия чукӧр
한국어: 말피기아목
коми: Мальпигия чукӧр
lietuvių: Malpigijiečiai
македонски: Малпигиовидни
മലയാളം: മാൽപീഗൈൽസ്
polski: Malpigiowce
پنجابی: مالپگیالے
русский: Мальпигиевые, Мальпигиецветные
slovenčina: malpigiotvaré
svenska: Malpigiaordningen
ไทย: อันดับโนรา
Türkçe: Malpighiales
українська: Мальпігієві, Мальпігієцвіті
Tiếng Việt: Bộ Sơ ri
中文: 金虎尾目
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than 16,000 species, about 7.8% of the eudicots.[2][3] The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsettia, manchineel, rafflesia and coca plant, and are hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.[4]
The Malpighiales are divided into 32 to 42 families, depending upon which clades in the order are given the taxonomic rank of family.[5] In the APG III system, 35 families were recognized.[1] Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Peraceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae were consolidated into other families. The largest family, by far, is the Euphorbiaceae, with about 6300 species in about 245 genera.[6]
In a 2009 study of DNA sequences of 13 genes, 42 families were placed into 16 groups, ranging in size from one to 10 families. The relationships among these 16 groups remain poorly resolved.[5] Malpighiales and Lamiales are the two large orders whose phylogeny remains mostly unresolved.[7]
Some examples of notable species include cassava, a tuber that is a major staple food crop in much of the world; the stinking corpse lily, which produces that largest known flower of any plant; the willows; flaxseed, an important food and fiber crop; Saint John's wort, a herb with a long history of medicinal uses; castor bean, the source of the infamous poison ricin; passionfruit, which produces an edible fruit and psychoactive flowers with a history of traditional medicinal uses; poinsettia, a common ornamental plant; the mangosteen; manchineel tree, one of the most toxic trees in the world; poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods which are commonly used for timber—and many more.
Affinities
Malpighiales is a member of a supraordinal group called the COM clade, which consists of the orders Celastrales, Oxalidales, and Malpighiales.[8] Some describe it as containing a fourth order, Huales, separating the family Huaceae into its own order, separate from Oxalidales.[9]
Some recent studies have placed Malpighiales as sister to Oxalidales sensu lato (including Huaceae),[5][10] while others have found a different topology for the COM clade.[4][8][11]
The COM clade is part of an unranked group known as malvids (rosid II), though formally placed in Fabidae (rosid I).[12][13] These in turn are part of a group that has long been recognized, namely, the rosids.[3]
History
The French botanist Charles Plumier named the genus Malpighia in honor of Marcello Malpighi's work on plants; Malpighia is the type genus for the Malpighiaceae, a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants.
The family Malpighiaceae was the type family for one of the orders created by Jussieu in his 1789 work Genera Plantarum.[14] Friedrich von Berchtold and Jan Presl described such an order in 1820.[15] Unlike modern taxonomists, these authors did not use the suffix "ales" in naming their orders. The name "Malpighiales" is attributed by some to Carl von Martius.[3] In the 20th century, it was usually associated with John Hutchinson, who used it in all three editions of his book, The Families of Flowering Plants.[16] The name was not used by those who wrote later, in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.
The taxon was largely presaged by Hans Hallier in 1912 in an article in the Archiv. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. titled "L'Origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes", in which his Passionales and Polygalinae were derived from Linaceae (in Guttales), with Passionales containing seven (of eight) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Achariaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae, and Polygalinae containing four (of 10) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Trigoniaceae.[17]
The molecular phylogenetic revolution led to a major restructuring of the order.[2] The first semblance of Malpighiales as now known came from a phylogeny of seed plants published in 1993 and based upon DNA sequences of the gene rbcL.[18] This study recovered a group of rosids unlike any group found in any previous system of plant classification. To make a clear break with classification systems being used at that time, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group resurrected Hutchinson's name, though his concept of Malpighiales included much of what is now in Celastrales and Oxalidales.[19]
Circumscription
Malpighiales is monophyletic and in molecular phylogenetic studies, it receives strong statistical support.[2] Since the APG II system was published in 2003, minor changes to the circumscription of the order have been made. The family Peridiscaceae has been expanded from two genera to three, and then to four, and transferred to Saxifragales.[5][20]
The genera Cyrillopsis (Ixonanthaceae), Centroplacus (Centroplacaceae), Bhesa (Centroplacaceae), Aneulophus (Erythroxylaceae), Ploiarium (Bonnetiaceae), Trichostephanus (Samydaceae), Sapria (Rafflesiaceae), Rhizanthes (Rafflesiaceae), and Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) had been either added or confirmed as members of Malpighiales by the end of 2009.[5]
Some family delimitations have changed, as well, most notably, the segregation of Calophyllaceae from Clusiaceae sensu lato when it was shown that the latter is paraphyletic.[5] Some differences of opinion on family delimitation exist, as well. For example, Samydaceae and Scyphostegiaceae may be recognized as families or included in a large version of Salicaceae.[21]
The group is difficult to characterize phenotypically, due to sheer morphological diversity, ranging from tropical holoparasites with giant flowers and temperate trees and herbs with tiny, simple flowers.[2] Members often have dentate leaves, with the teeth having a single vein running into a congested and often deciduous apex (i.e., violoid, salicoid, or theoid).[22] Also, zeylanol has recently been discovered in Balanops and Dichapetalum [23] which are in the balanops clade (so-called Chrysobalanaceae s. l.). The so-called parietal suborder (the clusioid clade and Ochnaceae s. l. were also part of Parietales) corresponds with the traditional Violales as 8 (Achariaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lacistemataceae, Scyphostegiaceae, Turneraceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Passifloraceae) of the order's 10 families along with Salicaceae, which have usually been assigned as a related order or suborder,[24] are in this most derived malpighian suborder, so that eight of the 10 families of this suborder are Violales. The family Flacourtiaceae has proven to be polyphyletic as the cyanogenic members have been placed in Achariaceae and the ones with salicoid teeth were transferred to Salicaceae.[22] Scyphostegiaceae, consisting of the single genus Scyphostegia has been merged into Salicaceae.[25]
Phylogeny
2009
The phylogeny of Malpighiales is, at its deepest level, an unresolved polytomy of 16 clades.[2] It has been estimated that complete resolution of the phylogeny will require at least 25000 base pairs of DNA sequence data per taxon.[26] A similar situation exists with Lamiales and it has been analyzed in some detail.[27] The phylogenetic tree shown below is from Wurdack and Davis (2009). The statistical support for each branch is 100% bootstrap percentage and 100% posterior probability, except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.
| Malpighiales |
|
2012
In 2012, Xi et al. managed to obtain a more resolved phylogenetic tree than previous studies through the use of data from a large number of genes. They included analyses of 82 plastid genes from 58 species (they ignored the problematic Rafflesiaceae), using partitions identified a posteriori by applying a Bayesian mixture model. Xi et al. identified 12 additional clades and three major, basal clades.[28][29]
|
Changes made in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of 2016 (APG IV) were the inclusion of Irvingiaceae, Peraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Ixonanthaceae, together with the transfer of the COM clade from the fabids (rosid I) to the malvids (rosid II).[12]
References
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
Endress et al 2013.
Stevens 2020.
Susana Magallón & Amanda Castillo (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany, 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID 21628193
Kenneth J. Wurdack & Charles C. Davis (2009), "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life", American Journal of Botany, 96 (8): 1551–1570, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800207, PMID 21628300
Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.
Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Endress, Peter K.; Chase, Mark W. (2005), Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms, Sunderland, MA, USA: Sinauer, ISBN 978-0-87893-817-9
Hengchang Wang; Michael J. Moore; Pamela S. Soltis; Charles D. Bell; Samuel F. Brockington; Roolse Alexandre; Charles C. Davis; Maribeth Latvis; Steven R. Manchester & Douglas E. Soltis (10 March 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–3858, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106, PMC 2644257, PMID 19223592
Alexander B. Doweld. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos: Moscow, Russia.
Li-Bing Zhang & Mark P. Simmons (2006), "Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes", Systematic Botany, 31 (1): 122–137, doi:10.1600/036364406775971778, S2CID 86095495
J. Gordon Burleigh; Khidir W. Hilu & Douglas E. Soltis (2009), "Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9: 61, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-61, PMC 2674047, PMID 19292928
APG IV 2016.
Philip D. Cantino; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E. Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis & Michael J. Donoghue (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta" (PDF), Taxon, 56 (3): 822–846, doi:10.2307/25065865, JSTOR 25065865
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1789), Genera Plantarum, Paris: Herrisant and Barrois, p. 252
James L. Reveal (2008), "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants", Home page of James L Reveal and C. Rose Broome, archived from the original on 20 January 2016, retrieved 11 September 2009
John Hutchinson The Families of Flowering Plants 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.
Lawrence, George. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, p. 132. Macmillan, New York
Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(3):528-580.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141 (4): 399–436, doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x[dead link]
Soltis, Douglas E.; Clayton, Joshua W.; Davis, Charles C.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Cheek, Martin; Savolainen, Vincent; Amorim, André M.; Soltis, Pamela S. (2007). "Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae". Taxon. 56 (1): 65–73.
Mac H. Alford. 2007. "Samydaceae". Version 6 February 2007". In: The Tree of Life Web Project.
Judd, W.S.; Olmstead, R.G. (2004). "A survey of tricolpate(eudicot) phylogenetic relationships". Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1627–1644. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627. PMID 21652313.
Darbah, V. F.; Oppong, E. K.; Eminah, J. K. (2012). "Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Dichapetalum magascariennse Poir". International Journal of Applied Chemistry. 8 (3): 199–207.
Brummitt, 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Kew.
Christenhusz et al 2017.
Shuguang Jian; Pamela S. Soltis; Matthew A. Gitzendanner; Michael J. Moore; Ruiqi Li; Tory A. Hendry; Yin-Long Qiu; Amit Dhingra; Charles D. Bell & Douglas E. Soltis (2008), "Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales", Systematic Biology, 57 (1): 38–57, doi:10.1080/10635150801888871, PMID 18275001
Wortley, Alexandra H.; Rudall, Paula J.; Harris, David J.; Scotland, Robert W. (2005). "How Much Data are Needed to Resolve a Difficult Phylogeny? Case Study in Lamiales". Systematic Biology. 54 (5): 697–709. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.572.9568. doi:10.1080/10635150500221028. PMID 16195214.
Catalogue of Organisms: Malpighiales: A Glorious Mess of Flowering Plants
Xi, Z.; Ruhfel, B. R.; Schaefer, H.; Amorim, A. M.; Sugumaran, M.; Wurdack, K. J.; Endress, P. K.; Matthews, M. L.; Stevens, P. F.; Mathews, S.; Davis, C. C. (2012). "Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (43): 17519–24. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10917519X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205818109. PMC 3491498. PMID 23045684.
Bibliography
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). "Salicaceae". Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University of Chicago Press. pp. 329–330. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
Cai, Liming; Xi, Zhenxiang; Amorim, André M.; Sugumaran, M.; Rest, Joshua S.; Liu, Liang; Davis, Charles C. (January 2019). "Widespread ancient whole-genome duplications in Malpighiales coincide with Eocene global climatic upheaval". New Phytologist. 221 (1): 565–576. doi:10.1111/nph.15357. PMC 6265113. PMID 30030969.
Endress, Peter K.; Davis, Charles C.; Matthews, Merran L. (May 2013). "Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants". Annals of Botany. 111 (5): 969–985. doi:10.1093/aob/mct056. PMC 3631340. PMID 23486341.
Cole, Theodor C H (2018). "Malpighiales Phylogeny Poster". Retrieved 27 April 2020.
Stevens, P.F. (2020) [2001]. "Malpighiales". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2020. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
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