Ceropegia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Gentianales

Familia: Apocynaceae
Subfamilia: Asclepiadoideae
Tribus: Ceropegieae
Subtribus: Stapeliinae
Genus: Ceropegia
Sectiones: C. sect. Amphorina – C. sect. Buprestis – C. sect. Callopegia – C. sect. Ceropegia – C. sect. Ceropegiella – C. sect. Chamaesiphon – C. sect. Coreosma – C. sect. Chionopegia – C. sect. Dimorpha – C. sect. Hylopegia – C. sect. Hypolegia – C. sect. Indopegia – C. sect. Janthina – C. sect. Loligo – C. sect. Oropegia – C. sect. Phalaena – C. sect. Psilopegia – C. sect. Sarcodactylis – C. sect. Sinopegia
Species: C. abyssinica – C. achtenii – C. acicularis – C. affinis – C. africana – C. ahmarensis – C. albipilosa – C. albisepta – C. alpina – C. ambovombensis – C. ampliata – C. anantii – C. andamanica – C. angustata – C. angustifolia – C. anjanerica – C. antennifera – C. arabica – C. arenaria – C. aridicola – C. aristolochioides – C. armandii – C. arnottiana – C. arnottii – C. attenuata – C. attenuatula – C. australis – C. ballyana– C. banforae – C. barbata – C. barberae – C. barnesii – C. beddomei – C. bhatii – C. bhutanica – C. bikitaensis – C. blepharanthera – C. boerhaaviifolia – C. bonafouxii – C. boonjarasii – C. bosseri – C. bourneae – C. bowkeri – C. bracteolata – C. breviflora – C. brevipedicellata – C. brevitubulata – C. browniana – C. bruceae – C. bruceae – C. bruceae – C. buchananii – C. bulbosa – C. buraoensis – C. burchelliana – C. caffra – C. campanulata – C. campanuliformis – C. cana – C. cancellata – C. candelabrum – C. capensis – C. carnosa – C. cataphyllaris – C. cathcartensis – C. chlorantha – C. chlorozona – C. christenseniana – C. christianeae – C. ciliata – C. ciliatior – C. cimiciodora – C. circinata – C. claviloba – C. cochleata – C. coddii – C. codonantha – C. collaricorona – C. concanensis – C. conrathii – C. convolvuloides – C. cordiloba – C. crassifolia – C. cufodontii – C. cumingiana – C. cummingii – C. cupulata – C. cycniflora – C. cyperifolia – C. damannii – C. daverichardsii – C. decaisneana – C. decidua – C. decipientiflora – C. deightonii – C. delicata – C. denticulata – C. dichotoma – C. differens – C. digitiformis – C. dimorpha – C. dinteri – C. dinteriana – C. discoidea – C. distincta – C. dolichophylla – C. dorjei – C. dryophila – C. duplicata – C. dyeri – C. edulissima – C. elegans – C. elegantior – C. elegantula – C. elenaduensis – C. ellenbeckii – C. elliptica – C. elongata – C. emdenpienaarii – C. ensifolia – C. evansii – C. exigua – C. exilis – C. fantastica – C. festucifolia – C. filicorona – C. filifolia – C. filiformis – C. filipendula – C. fimbriata – C. fimbriifera – C. floribunda – C. floribundior – C. foliosa – C. fortuita – C. franksiae – C. furcata – C. fusca – C. fusiformis – C. galeata – C. gardneri – C. gemmea – C. gerrardii – C. gikyi – C. gilgiana – C. glabra – C. glabriflora – C. glenensis – C. gracilidens – C. gracilior – C. gracillima – C. gymnopoda – C. gypsophila – C. haygarthii – C. hermannii – C. hirsuta – C. hirtella – C. hofstaetteri – C. hookeri – C. huberi – C. humbertii – C. huttonii – C. illegitima – C. imbricata – C. incana – C. inconspicuior – C. inflata – C. inornata – C. insignis – C. intermedia – C. jainii – C. johnsonii – C. johnstonii – C. juncea – C. kaariyei – C. kachinensis – C. karulensis – C. keniensis – C. kenyana – C. kerrii – C. kerzneri – C. kituloana – C. kituloensis – C. kolarensis – C. konasita – C. kundelunguensis – C. laevigata – C. laikipiensis – C. lancasteri – C. langkawiensis – C. lankana – C. laotica – C. lawii – C. ledermannii – C. leptophylla – C. leroyi – C. letestui – C. lindenii – C. linearis – C. linophyllum – C. longifolia – C. longifoliata – C. loranthiflora – C. loureiroi – C. lucida – C. ludlowii – C. lugardiae – C. luteiflora – C. maccannii – C. macmasteri – C. macrantha – C. macropetala – C. maculata – C. madagascariensis – C. madens – C. mafekingensis – C. mahabalei – C. mahajanii – C. mairei – C. maiuscula – C. malwanensis – C. manderensis – C. mannarana – C. manoharii – C. maritae – C. marronina – C. matthewiana – C. mayottae – C. media – C. megasepala – C. meleagris – C. mendesii – C. merrilliana – C. metziana – C. meyeri – C. meyeri-johannis – C. meyeriana – C. micriflora – C. microgaster – C. minima – C. minor – C. mizoramensis – C. modestantha – C. mohanramii – C. molaventi – C. monticola – C. montiphila – C. muliensis – C. multiflora – C. murlensis – C. muzingana – C. namaquensis – C. nampyana – C. namuliensis – C. nana – C. nanior – C. neo-omissa – C. neoarachnoidea – C. neocompta – C. neofurcata – C. nepalensis – C. nephroloba – C. ngomensis – C. nigra – C. nilotica – C. noorjahaniae – C. nutans – C. obtusa – C. occidens – C. occidentalis – C. occulta – C. oculata – C. odorata – C. oiantha – C. omissa – C. pachypodium – C. pachystelma – C. panchganiensis – C. paohsingensis – C. papillata – C. paricyma – C. parvior – C. parvissima – C. perdita – C. petignatii – C. petrophila – C. peulhorum – C. plocamoides – C. poluniniana – C. porphyrotricha – C. pseudorhynchantha – C. praelonga – C. praetermissa – C. prostrata – C. pruinosior – C. pubescens – C. pulchellior – C. pullaiahiana – C. pullaiahii – C. punctifera – C. purpurascens – C. pusilla – C. racemosa – C. radicans – C. ramosissima – C. rapinatiana – C. ravikumariana – C. recurvata – C. recurviloba – C. rehmannii – C. remota – C. rhynchantha – C. richardsiae – C. ringens – C. ringoetii – C. robivelonae – C. rollae – C. rubella – C. rudatisii – C. rupicola – C. sabuliphila – C. sahyadrica – C. saldanhae – C. salicifolia – C. sandersoniana – C. sandersonii – C. sankuruensis – C. santapaui – C. saxatilis – C. scabra – C. scabriflora – C. schinziata – C. schizoglossoides – C. schoenlandiana – C. schultzei – C. schumanniana – C. sepium – C. setosa – C. simoneae – C. simplex – C. sinoerecta – C. sobolifera – C. somalensis – C. sootepensis – C. spaniflora – C. spathulata – C. speciosa – C. spiralis – C. stapeliiformis – C. stellata – C. stenantha – C. stenifolia – C. stenoloba – C. stenophylla – C. stentiae – C. striata – C. subaphylla – C. suddeei – C. swarupa – C. swazica – C. swaziorum – C. tabularia – C. talbotii – C. taprobanica – C. tavalla – C. tenella – C. teniana – C. tenuicaulis – C. tenuior – C. tenuissifolia – C. terebriformis – C. thailandica – C. thaithongiae – C. theronii – C. thorelii – C. thunbergii – C. thwaitesii – C. tihamana – C. togoensis – C. tomentosa – C. tourana – C. tribounii – C. trichantha – C. tundavalensis – C. turricula – C. ugeni – C. umbraticola – C. vanderystii – C. variegata – C. vartakii – C. verticillata – C. villosa – C. vincifolia – C. volubicaulis – C. volubilis – C. wallichii – C. waterbergensis – C. yampwapwa – C. yemenensis – C. yorubana – C. zambesiaca – C. zeyheri

Name

Ceropegia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 211. (1753)
Type species: Ceropegia candelabrum L.

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Niota Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 172. (1763)
Apegia Neck., Elem. Bot. 1: 251. (1790), opus utique oppr.
Microstemma R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.: 459. (1810), nom. rej.
Brachystelma R.Br., Bot. Mag. 49: t. 2343. (1822)
Systrepha Burch., Trav. S. Africa 1: 546. (1822)
Cinclia Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 1833: 13. (1833)
Eriopetalum Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 35. (1834)
Tenaris E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr.: 198. (1838)
Macropetalum Burch. ex Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 626. (1844)
Decaceras Harv., Thes. Cap. 2: 9. (1863)
Dichaelia Harv., Gen. S. Afr. Pl., ed. 2: 241. (1868)
Micraster Harv., Gen. S. Afr. Pl., ed. 2: 242. (1868)
Lasiostelma Benth. in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker, Gen. Pl. 2: 776. (1876)
Craterostemma K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 154. (1893)
Tapeinostelma Schltr., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 35: 53. (1893)
Brachystelmaria Schltr., Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 50. (1895)
Aulostephanus Schltr., Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 451. (1896)
Blepharanthera Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 146. (1913)
Kinepetalum Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 149. (1913)
Siphonostelma Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 148. (1913)

Note: See Bruyns et al. (2017) for proposed major changes expanding the scope of the genus. All required transfers have been made by Hassler (2019), but Govaerts et al. (2019) are still working through the proposals, but have identified some problems needing resolution and are adopting conservative approach for now.
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 211.

Additional references

Bruyns, P.V., Klak, C. & Hanáček, P. 2017. A revised, phylogenetically-based concept of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae). South African Journal of Botany 112: 399–436. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.021 Reference page.
Kidyoo, M. 2014. Two new species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from eastern Thailand. Phytotaxa 162(2): 91–98. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.162.2.3 Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 20121. Ceropegia in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 20121 June 21. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2019. Ceropegia. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 June 22. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Ceropegia. Published online. Accessed: June 22 2019.

Ceropegia is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae, native to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia.[1][2] It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in his Genera plantarum, which appeared in 1737.[3] Linnaeus referred to the description and picture of a plant in the Horti Malabarici as the plant for which the genus was created.[4] In 1753 he named this species as Ceropegia candelabrum.[5] Linnaeus did not explain the etymology but later explanations stated that the name Ceropegia was from the Greek[6] word keropegion κηροπηγɩον.[7][8] This means candelabrum in Latin, which has a broader range than the modern word - "a candlestick, a branched candlestick, a chandelier, candelabrum, or also lamp-stand, light-stand, sometimes of exquisite workmanship".[9]

An alternative explanation for the name was given later by William Jackson Hooker in 1830 in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in the description of Ceropegia elegans: "From κηρός, wax, and πηγή, a fountain, in allusion to the delicate, waxy umbels of some species".[10] However, four years later Hooker gave the etymology in the description in the same periodical of Ceropegia lushii as "remarkable for the peculiar shape of its flowers, frequently arranged in umbels, hence its name κηροπηγɩον, a candelabrum, or lamp-stand".[11]

They have many common names including lantern flower, parasol flower, parachute flower, bushman's pipe, string of hearts, snake creeper, wine-glass vine, rosary vine, and necklace vine.

Ceropegia species are traded, kept, and propagated as ornamental plants.[12] In Africa, the roots and leaves of some species are eaten raw[13] and the tubers in India are eaten raw or stewed in curries.

Appearance
Ceropegia woodii

The stems are vining or trailing in most species, though a few species from the Canary Islands have erect growth habits. Among some species, such as Ceropegia woodii, the nodes swell, and the roots similarly expand to form tubers beneath the soil surface. The leaves are simple and opposite, although they can be rudimentary or absent. Especially in certain succulent species, the leaves may also be thick and fleshy.

The flowers have a tubular corolla with five petals most often fused at the tips, forming an umbrella-like canopy, a cage, or appendage-like antennae.[14] The flowers of this genus are adapted for pollination by flies. A great diversity of fly species are associated with ceropegias. The flowers are often inflated and fused at several points, forming a cage. Flies become momentarily trapped inside, accomplishing pollination as they move about.[12]
Classification

The genus Ceropegia belongs to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (milkweeds) within the family Apocynaceae. Species of this genus bear similarities to the carrion flowers or stapelias. There are at least 420 known species.[15] More are being discovered and described regularly.[12][16] They are distributed throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar to the Arabian Peninsula, southeast Asia, the Canary Islands, the tropical Pacific, and Australia.[12]

A generic complex, with many interesting taxonomic problems at both generic and specific level, is formed by three genera: Ceropegia, Brachystelma and Riocreuxia.
Selected species

Ceropegia africana (South Africa)
Ceropegia ampliata (South Africa)
Ceropegia antennifera (South Africa)
Ceropegia arabica (Arabia)
Ceropegia arenaria
Ceropegia aridicola
Ceropegia aristolochoides (Senegal to Ethiopia)
Ceropegia armandii (Madagascar)
Ceropegia ballyana (Kenya)
Ceropegia barbarta (South Africa)
Ceropegia barkleyi (South Africa)
Ceropegia bonafouxii (Namibia)
Ceropegia bosseri (Madagascar)
Ceropegia cancellata (South Africa)
Ceropegia candelabrum (Asia)
Ceropegia carnosa (South Africa)
Ceropegia ceratophora (Canary Islands)
Ceropegia chrysantha (Canary Islands)
Ceropegia cimiciodora (South Africa)
Ceropegia crassifolia (southern Africa)
Ceropegia debilis
Ceropegia decidua (eastern Africa)
Ceropegia denticulata (tropical Africa)
Ceropegia devecchii (eastern Africa)
Ceropegia dichotoma (Canary Islands)
Ceropegia dimorpha (Madagascar)
Ceropegia dinteri (Namibia)
Ceropegia distincta (Zanzibar)
Ceropegia elegans
Ceropegia filiformis (South Africa)
Ceropegia fimbriata (South Africa)
Ceropegia fusca (Canary Islands)
Ceropegia galeata (Kenya)
Ceropegia gemmifera - Togo tangle
Ceropegia haygarthii (South Africa)
Ceropegia hians (Canary Islands)
Ceropegia intermedia (India)
Ceropegia beddomei (Western Ghats, India)
Ceropegia jainii (Western Ghats, India)[17]
Ceropegia juncea (Coast of Coromandel, India)
Ceropegia krainzii (Canary Islands)
Ceropegia leroyi (Madagascar)
Ceropegia linearis (South Africa)
Ceropegia lugardae (eastern Africa)
Ceropegia multiflora (southern Africa)
Ceropegia nilotica (eastern Africa)
Ceropegia pachystelma (southern Africa)
Ceropegia petignatii (Madagascar)
Ceropegia racemosa (tropical Africa)
Ceropegia radicans (South Africa)
Ceropegia rendallii (South Africa)
Ceropegia robynsiana (Congo)
Ceropegia rupicola (Arabia)
Ceropegia sandersonii (southern Africa)
Ceropegia senegalensis (Senegal)
Ceropegia seticorona (eastern Africa)
Ceropegia somaliensis (eastern Africa)
Ceropegia stapeliiformis (South Africa)
Ceropegia stentii (South Africa)
Ceropegia striata (Madagascar)
Ceropegia succulenta
Ceropegia superba (Arabia)
Ceropegia turricula (South Africa)
Ceropegia variegata (Arabia)
Ceropegia verrucosa
Ceropegia viridis (Madagascar)
Ceropegia woodii - string of hearts
Ceropegia zeyheri (South Africa)
Ceropegia Anjanerica(Western Ghats, India)[18]

Gallery

Ceropegia stapeliiformis

Ceropegia linearis

Ceropegia rhynchantha

Ceropegia fusca

References

Bruyns, P. V. & P. I. Forster. 1991. Recircumscription of the Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae). Taxon 40(3): 381–391
Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 266 吊灯花属 diao deng hua shu Ceropegia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 211. 1753.
Linnaei, Caroli (1737). Genera plantarum... Leiden: Conradum Wishoff. p. 65. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Rhede (or Reede) tot Drakestein, Hendrik (1689). Horti Malabarici Pars Nona. Amsterdam. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Linnaei, Caroli (1753). Species plantarum... Tomus I. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 211. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Stephano, Henr. (1572). Thesauri linguæ Græcæ Tomus II. Henrico Stephano. p. 193. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Nemnich, Philipp Andreas (1793). Allgemeines Polyglotten-Lexicon der Naturgeschichte mit erklaerenden Anmerkungen. Hamburg: Licentiat Nemnich. p. 954. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Wilkes, John (1810). Encyclopædia Londinensis Vol. IV. London: J. Adlard. p. 42. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Lewis, Charlton T; Short, Charles. "A Latin Dictionary". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Hooker, William Jackson (1830). "Ceropegia elegans. Beautiful Ceropegia". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 57: Folio 3015. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Hooker, William Jackson (1834). "Ceropegia Lushii. Mr. Lush's Ceropegia". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 61: Folio 3300. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Ollerton, J., Masinde, S., Meve, U., Picker, M., & Whittington, A. (2009). Fly pollination in Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae): biogeographic and phylogenetic perspectives.[dead link] Annals of Botany, mcp072.
Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0415927463.
Dyer, R.A. 1983. Ceropegia, Brachystelma and Riocreuxia in Southern Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Govaerts, Rafaël. "Ceropegia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Herbert F. J. Huber: Revision of the genus Ceropegia. In: Memórias da Sociedade Broteriana, Volume 12, 1957, S.1-203, Coimbra
http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/265670
:https://www.researchgate.net/