Gentianales

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Gentianales
Familiae: Apocynaceae - Gelsemiaceae - Gentianaceae - Loganiaceae - Rubiaceae

Name

Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, Přir. Rostlin: 248. (1820)
Synonyms

Apocynales
Asclepiadales
Chironiales
Cinchonales
Galiales
Loganiales
Rubiales
Theligonales
Vincales

References

Backlund, M., Oxelman, B. & Bremer, B. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on ndhF and rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. American Journal of Botany 87(7): 1029–1043. Full text PDF Reference page.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Yang, L.L., Li, H.L., Wei, L.,Yang, T., Kuang, D.Y., Li, M.H., Liao, Y.Y., Chen, Z.D., Wu, H. & Zhang, S.Z., 2016. A supermatrix approach provides a comprehensive genus‐level phylogeny for Gentianales. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54(4): 400-415. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12192 Full text PDF from ResearchGate Reference page.

Vernacular names
العربية: جنطيانيات
azərbaycanca: Acıçiçəkkimilər
беларуская: Гарычкакветныя
català: Gencianal
čeština: hořcotvaré
dansk: Ensian-ordenen
Deutsch: Enzianartige
Esperanto: Gencianaloj
eesti: Emajuurelaadsed
فارسی: گل‌سپاسی‌سانان
עברית: גנציינאים
hrvatski: Sirištarolike
magyar: Tárnicsvirágúak
日本語: リンドウ目
한국어: 용담목
kurdî: Koma kulîlktehlan
lietuvių: Gencijoniečiai
македонски: Линцуровидни
മലയാളം: ജെന്റ്യനെയിൽസ്
Nederlands: Gentiaanachtigen
polski: Goryczkowce
русский: Горечавкоцветные
slovenčina: horcotvaré
svenska: Gentianaordningen
తెలుగు: జెన్షియనేలిస్
ไทย: อันดับดอกหรีดเขา
українська: Тирличецвіті
Tiếng Việt: Bộ Long đởm
中文: 龍膽目

Gentianales is an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid clade of eudicots. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families.[1] More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family Rubiaceae.

Many of these flowering plants are used in traditional medicine.[2] They have been used to treat pain, anxiety, cancers and neurological conditions.

Honeybees are a well known pollinator of Gentianales species in Brazil.[3]

Taxonomy

In the classification system of Dahlgren the Gentiales were in the superorder Gentianiflorae (also called Gentiananae). The following families are included according to the APG III system:[4]

Family Apocynaceae (424 genera)
Family Gelsemiaceae (2 genera)
Family Gentianaceae (87 genera)
Family Loganiaceae (13 genera)
Family Rubiaceae (611 genera)

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree is based on molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences.[5]

Gentianales	Rubiaceae       Gentianaceae       Loganiaceae       Apocynaceae     Gelsemiaceae

 
 
 
Etymology

It takes its name from the family Gentianaceae, which in turn is based on the name of the type genus, Gentiana. The genus name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king.
Uses

Well-known members of Gentianales are coffee, frangipani, Gardenia, gentian, oleander, and periwinkle.

Some Gentianales species have been used in traditional medicine in rural southeastern Asia countries. Gelsemium sempervirens has been used in Chinese medicine in conditions such as anxiety, migraines/headaches, and neuralgia. Gelsemium elegans has been used in rheumatoid arthritis pain, neuropathic pain, skin ulcers, and even cancers.[2]
References

Yang, Lei-Lei; Li, Hong-Lei; Wei, Lei; Yang, Tuo; Kuang, Dai-Yong; Li, Ming-Hong; Liao, Yi-Ying; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Wu, Hong; Zhang, Shou-Zhou (July 2016). "A supermatrix approach provides a comprehensive genus-level phylogeny for Gentianales: Phylogeny of Gentianales". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 400–415. doi:10.1111/jse.12192.
Jin, Gui-Lin; Su, Yan-Ping; Liu, Ming; Xu, Ying; Yang, Jian; Liao, Kai-Jun; Yu, Chang-Xi (February 2014). "Medicinal plants of the genus Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae, Gentianales)—A review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 152 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.003. PMID 24434844.
Hipolito, J (2020). "Performance, Effectiveness, and Efficiency of Honeybees as Pollinators of Coffea arabica (Gentianales, Rubiaceae)". Neotropical Entomology. 49 (4): 501–510. doi:10.1007/s13744-020-00785-8. PMID 32691402. S2CID 220638532 – via Web of Science.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
Backlund M, Oxelman B, Bremer B (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae". American Journal of Botany. 87 (7): 1029–1043. doi:10.2307/2657003. JSTOR 2657003. PMID 10898781. S2CID 15433433.