Phyllostomidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yangochiroptera
Superfamilia: Noctilionoidea

Familia: Phyllostomidae
Subfamiliae (11): Carolliinae – Desmodontinae – Glossophaginae – Glyphonycterinae – Lonchophyllinae – Lonchorhininae – Macrotinae – Micronycterinae – Phyllostominae – Rhinophyllinae – Stenodermatinae

Name

Phyllostomidae Gray, 1825
Synonymy

Phyllostomina Gray, 1825: 242
Phyllostomidae Waterhouse, 1838: 1

References
Primary references

Gray, J.E. 1825. An attempt at a division of the family Vespertilionidæ into groups. The Zoological Journal 2(6): 242–243. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Griffiths, T.A. 1982. Systematics of the New World nectar-feeding bats (Mammalia, Phyllostomidae), based on the morphology of the hyoid and lingual regions. American Museum Novitates 2742. hdl: 2246/5298 PDF Reference page.
McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.K. (eds.). 1997. Classification of mammals: above the species level. Columbia University Press: New York. xii + 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Google Books Reference page.
Wetterer, A.L., Rockman, M.V. & Simmons, N.B. 2000. Phylogeny of phyllostomid bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): data from diverse morphological systems, sex chromosomes, and restriction sites. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 248: 1–200. hdl: 2246/1595 Open access Reference page.
Carstens, B.C., Lundrigan, B.L. & Myers, P. 2002. A Phylogeny of the Neotropical Nectar-Feeding Bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Data. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 9: 23–53. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021331711108 Paywall Reference page.
Baker, R.J., Hoofer, S.R., Porter, C.A. & Van Den Bussche, R.A. 2003. Diversification among New World Leaf-Nosed Bats: An Evolutionary Hypothesis and Classification Inferred from Digenomic Congruence of DNA Sequence. Occasional Papers. Museum of Texas Tech University 230: 1–32. PDF Reference page.
Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) . Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Datzmann, T., von Helversen, O. & Mayer, F. 2010. Evolution of nectarivory in phyllostomid bats (Phyllostomidae Gray, 1825, Chiroptera: Mammalia). BMC Evolutionary Biology 10(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-165 Open access Reference page.
Dávalos, L.M., Cirranello, A.L., Geisler, J.H. & Simmons, N.B. 2012. Understanding phylogenetic incongruence: lessons from phyllostomid bats. Biological Reviews 87(4): 991–1024. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00240.x Open access Reference page.
Baker, R.J., Cirranello, A., Solari, S. & Simmons, N.B. 2016. Higher Level Classification of Phyllostomid Bats with a Summary of DNA Synapomorphies. Acta Chiropterologica 18(1): 1–38. DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.001 Paywall Reference page.
Cirranello, A., Simmons, N.B., Solari, S. & Baker, R.J. 2016. Morphological diagnoses of higher-level phyllostomid taxa (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 18(1): 39–71. DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.002 Paywall Reference page.
Rojas, D., Warsi, O.M. & Dávalos, L.M. 2016. Bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionoidea) Challenge a Recent Origin of Extant Neotropical Diversity. Systematic Biology 65(3): 432–448. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw011 Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Blattnasen
English: New World Leaf-nosed Bats

The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae)[1] are bats found from southern North America to South America, specifically from the Southwest United States to northern Argentina. They are ecologically the most varied and diverse family within the order Chiroptera. Most species are insectivorous, but the phyllostomid bats include within their number true predatory species and frugivores (subfamily Stenodermatinae and Carolliinae). For example, the spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum), the largest bat in the Americas, eats vertebrate prey, including small, dove-sized birds. Members of this family have evolved to use food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and in the case of the vampire bats, even blood.

Both the scientific and common names derive from their often large, lance-shaped noses, greatly reduced in some of the nectar- and pollen-feeders. Because these bats echolocate nasally, this "nose-leaf" is thought to serve some role in modifying and directing the echolocation call. Similar nose leaves are found in some other groups of bats, most notably the Old World leaf-nosed bats.
Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)

New World leaf-nosed bats are usually brown, grey, or black, although five species are white. They range in size from 4.0 to 13.5 cm (1.6 to 5.3 in) in head-body length, and can weigh from 7 to 200 g (0.25 to 7.05 oz). Most roost in fairly small groups within caves, animal burrows, or hollow trees, although some species aggregate in colonies of several hundred individuals.[2] They do not hibernate, although some species have been reported to aestivate.[3][4]
Evolution

The Phyllostomidae, also known as New World leaf-nosed bats, are among the most ecologically diverse mammal families, displaying more morphological variation than any other mammalian family. This variation is measured by diversity in skull morphology and diet-related characteristics: Phyllostomidae consists of species that have evolved physical modifications for insectivory, frugivory, hematophagy, nectarivory, and omnivory.[5][6] The nose-leaf—a distinctive characteristic of the family—is thought to have evolved to reflect the dietary and foraging behavior of different species of Phyllostomidae.[7] With an evolutionary history tracing back to the Oligocene, fossil and phylogenetic evidence suggests the family originated about 30 million years ago.[8] Leaf nosed bats evolved from Yangochiroptera and Miniopteridae with sister groups also evolving from this group. The Phyllostomidae consists of 55 genera and about 180 species.[6][9]
Description
Basic leaf-nosed bat body layout

New World leaf-nosed bats are bilaterally symmetrical and endothermic mammals[10] characterized by an elaborate outgrowth of skin on their noses, called a nose-leaf, which is believed to aid in echolocation.[11] The nose-leaf can be adorned with a vertical leaf, a concave upward leaf, or multiple accessory leaves; varying by species.[12] Leaf-nosed bats lack a tail,[11] have triangular-shaped ears that can have pointed or rounded tips,[11] range in body size from 4 to 13.5 cm (1.6 to 5.3 in), and have a wingspan of up to 90 cm (35 in) or more.[9]
Biology and ecology

Like other bats, leaf-nosed bats are nocturnal foragers that use echolocation to locate food sources, though the food sources vary between species.[13] Many bats in the family Phyllostomidae appear to have limited reliance on echolocation, likely because frugivorous bats do not need to quickly identify flying insects like many other bats.[7] Instead, species of leaf-nosed fruit bats appear to use scent to identify their preferred food sources.[14]

When they are not foraging, leaf-nosed bats roost in abandoned buildings, caves, and beneath folded leaves depending on the species. Nearly every roosting option present among bats is represented within this family, including species that prefer to roost alone, as well as species that roost with thousands of other individuals every day.[15][16]
Diet

The Phyllostomidae demonstrate the most diverse dietary habits of any family of bats across the globe.[17] Because of this, general dietary patterns are categorized for each species. Leaf-nosed bats generally specialize in a particular type of diet which leads to classification in one of these groups: frugivore, nectarivore, insectivore, omnivore, or haematophagous.[15] However, categorizations are based only on primary consumption habits, therefore observing species that occasionally consume food items outside of their particular classifications is not uncommon.[15] Usually, when leaf-nosed bats consume outside of their primary dietary categorization, it is to ensure sufficient intake of nutrients that their primary food source may not provide. For example, nectar and ripe fruits provide sufficient amounts of carbohydrates and water, but are lacking in protein and fat.[18] To meet basic nutritional requirements, leaf-nosed bats that primarily feed on fruit and nectar must also consume insects to ensure sufficient protein and fat intake[18] and visit salt licks to acquire sodium and other nutrients.[19][20]

Most leaf-nosed bats are classified as insectivores and feed on a variety of small insects. Certain species with this classification capture their prey either while in flight or from foliage in trees or on the ground. Carnivorous species feed on a variety of animals ranging from frogs to other bats. The Desmodontinae fall into this general carnivorous category, but are further distinguished by feeding exclusively on blood. In contrast, some species in this family feed on exclusively plants, gaining needed nutrients from fruits and leaves.[17]
Life cycle

Leaf-nosed bats are gonochoric (separate sexes) that partake in sexual copulation.[10] These bats can live for 20–30 years[21] and females become sexually active at two years of age.[22] Female ovulation occurs from October through September, after the female mates, the gestation period ranges from 8–9 months with an initial 3- to 5-month diapause period when the fetus growth is slowed; this diapause period is controlled by hormones.[22] The female gives birth to a single pup, which has open ears, open eyes,[21] and the first set of deciduous teeth,[23] and is fully furred at birth.[21]
Social systems

Among species that roost in groups, some evidence exists for a social hierarchy with higher-ranking individuals gaining access to preferred areas of the site.[24] Solitary roosting bats, though, live alone and maintain a strict fidelity to a single roosting site.[25] In some cases, males live alone or with harems, while females prefer to roost with other individuals and their pups.[26] In nearly every species that has been studied, mothers and pups maintain a social bond that lasts beyond nursing.[25] Apparently, young bats can learn food preferences from their mothers and when they are reluctant to leave the nest, mothers literally nudge the infants out of the roost.[27][14]
Range

New World leaf-nosed bats range from the United States, in southern Arizona and the West Indies to northern Argentina.[28][29] The family inhabits a diverse array of environments and habitats ranging from forests to deserts.[9]
Human impact

Species of New World leaf-nosed bats that make their homes in forested areas are greatly affected by agricultural intensification.[30] Specifically, it has been found that increased agricultural activity by humans causes negative conservation effects on these habitats and as a result reduces abundance and diversity of leaf-nosed bats that live there.[30] California leaf-nosed bats in particular are susceptible to human disruption. This species is known to create large roosts in closed mine shafts due to their potential to provide warmth and isolation.[31] When humans enter the shafts or rework old mines, this disrupts the roosts of the leaf-nosed bats and has the potential to be detrimental to the population as a whole.[citation needed]
Classification

FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE[32]

Subfamily Carolliinae
Genus Carollia
Benkeith's short-tailed bat (Carollia benkeithi)
Silky short-tailed bat (Carollia brevicauda)
Chestnut short-tailed bat (Carollia castanea)
Silky short-tailed bat (Carollia colombiana)
Manu short-tailed bat (Carollia manu)
Mono's short-tailed bat (Carollia monohernandezi)
Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata)
Sowell's short-tailed bat (Carollia sowelli)
Gray short-tailed bat (Carollia subrufa)
Subfamily: Desmodontinae - vampire bats
Genus Desmodus
D. archaeodaptes, †
Giant vampire bat, D. draculae†,[33]
Cuban vampire bat, D. puntajudensis†[33][34]
Common vampire bat, D. rotundus [35][36]
Stock's vampire bat, D. stocki†,[33][37]
Genus Diaemus
White-winged vampire bat, D. youngi
Genus Diphylla
Hairy-legged vampire bat, D. ecaudata
Subfamily: Glossophaginae
Tribe Brachyphyllini
Genus Brachyphylla
Antillean fruit-eating bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum)
Cuban fruit-eating bat (Brachyphylla nana)
Genus Erophylla
Brown flower bat (Erophylla bombifrons)
Buffy flower bat (Erophylla sezekorni)
Genus Phyllonycteris
Jamaican flower bat (Phyllonycteris aphylla)
Puerto Rican flower bat (Phyllonycteris major)
Cuban flower bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi)
Tribe Choeronycterini
Genus Anoura
Anoura aequatoris
Cadena's tailless bat (Anoura cadenai)
Tailed tailless bat (Anoura caudifer)
Handley's tailless bat (Anoura cultrata))
Tube-lipped nectar bat (Anoura fistulata)
Geoffroy's tailless bat (Anoura geoffroyi)
Broad-toothed tailless bat (Anoura latidens)
Luis Manuel's tailless bat (Anoura luismanueli)
Anoura peruana
Genus Choeroniscus
Godman's long-tailed bat (Choeroniscus godmani)
Intermediate long-tailed bat (Choeroniscus intermedius)
Minor long-nosed long-tongued bat (Choeroniscus minor)
Greater long-tailed bat (Choeroniscus periosus)
Genus Choeronycteris
Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana)
Genus Dryadonycteris
Dryadonycteris capixaba
Genus Hylonycteris
Underwood's long-tongued bat (Hylonycteris underwoodi)
Genus Lichonycteris
Pale brown long-nosed bat (Lichonycteris degener)
Dark long-tongued bat (Lichonycteris obscura)
Genus Musonycteris
Banana bat (Musonycteris harrisoni)
Genus Scleronycteris
Ega long-tongued bat (Scleronycteris ega)
Tribe Glossophagini
Genus Glossophaga
Commissaris's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga commissarisi)
Gray long-tongued bat (Glossophaga leachii)
Miller's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga longirostris)
Western long-tongued bat (Glossophaga morenoi)
Pallas's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina)
Genus Leptonycteris
Southern long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae)
Greater long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis)
Lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae)
Genus Monophyllus
Insular single leaf bat (Monophyllus plethodon)
Leach's single leaf bat (Monophyllus redmani)
Subfamily: Glyphonycterinae
Genus Glyphonycteris
Behn's bat (Glyphonycteris behnii)
Davies's big-eared bat (Glyphonycteris daviesi)
Tricolored big-eared bat (Glyphonycteris sylvestris)
Genus Neonycteris
Least big-eared bat (Neonycteris pusilla)
Genus Trinycteris
Niceforo's big-eared bat (Trinycteris nicefori)
Subfamily Lonchophyllinae
Tribe Hsunycterini
Genus Hsunycteris
Cadena's long-tongued bat (Hsunycteris cadenai)
Dashe's nectar bat (Hsunycteris dashe)
Patton's long-tongued bat (Hsunycteris pattoni)
Thomas's nectar bat (Hsunycteris thomasi)
Tribe Lonchophyllini
Genus Lionycteris
Chestnut long-tongued bat (Lionycteris spurrelli)
Genus Lonchophylla
Bokermann's nectar bat (Lonchophylla bokermanni)
Chocoan long-tongued bat (Lonchophylla chocoana)
Lonchophylla concava
Dekeyser's nectar bat (Lonchophylla dekeyseri)
Lonchophylla fornicata
Handley's nectar bat (Lonchophylla handleyi)
Western nectar bat (Lonchophylla hesperia)
Lonchophylla inexpectata
Goldman's nectar bat (Lonchophylla mordax)
Orcés's long-tongued bat (Lonchophylla orcesi)
Lonchophylla orienticollina
Peracchi's nectar bat (Lonchophylla peracchii)
Orange nectar bat (Lonchophylla robusta)
Genus Platalina
Long-snouted bat (Platalina genovensium)
Genus Xeronycteris
Vieira's long-tongued bat (Xeronycteris vieirai)
Subfamily Lonchorhininae
Genus Lonchorhina
Tomes's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina aurita)
Fernandez's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina fernandezi)
Northern sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina inusitata)
Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina marinkellei)
Orinoco sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis)
Subfamily Macrotinae
Genus Macrotus
California leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus californicus)
Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus waterhousii)
Subfamily Micronycterinae
Genus Lampronycteris
Yellow-throated big-eared bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis)
Genus Micronycteris
Brosset's big-eared bat (Micronycteris brosseti)
Saint Vincent big-eared bat (Micronycteris buriri)
Micronycteris giovanniae
Hairy big-eared bat (Micronycteris hirsuta)
Matses' big-eared bat (Micronycteris matses)
Little big-eared bat (Micronycteris megalotis)
Common big-eared bat (Micronycteris microtis)
White-bellied big-eared bat (Micronycteris minuta)
Sanborn's big-eared bat (Micronycteris sanborni)
Schmidts's big-eared bat (Micronycteris schmidtorum)
Yates's big-eared bat (Micronycteris yatesi)
Subfamily Phyllostominae
Genus †Notonycteris[38]
Tribe Macrophyllini
Genus Macrophyllum
Long-legged bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum)
Genus Trachops
Fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus)
Tribe Phyllostomini
Genus Gardnerycteris
Striped hairy-nosed bat (Gardnerycteris crenulata)
Koepcke's hairy-nosed bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae)
Genus Lophostoma
Pygmy round-eared bat (Lophostoma brasiliense)
Carriker's round-eared bat (Lophostoma carrikeri)
Davis's round-eared bat (Lophostoma evotis)
Kalko's round-eared bat (Lophostoma kalkoae)
Western round-eared bat (Lophostoma occidentale)
Schultz's round-eared bat (Lophostoma schulzi)
White-throated round-eared bat (Lophostoma silvicola)
Genus Phylloderma
Pale-faced bat (Phylloderma stenops)
Genus Phyllostomus
Pale spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus discolor)
Lesser spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus elongatus)
Greater spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus hastatus)
Guianan spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus latifolius)
Genus Tonatia
Greater round-eared bat (Tonatia bidens)
Stripe-headed round-eared bat (Tonatia saurophila)
Tribe Vampyrini
Genus Chrotopterus
Big-eared woolly bat (Chrotopterus auritus)
Genus Mimon
Golden bat (Mimon bennettii)
Cozumelan golden bat (Mimon cozumelae)
Genus Vampyrum
Spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum)
Subfamily: Rhinophyllinae
Genus Rhinophylla
Hairy little fruit bat (Rhinophylla alethina)
Fischer's little fruit bat (Rhinophylla fischerae)
Dwarf little fruit bat (Rhinophylla pumilio)
Subfamily: Stenodermatinae
Tribe Stenodermatini
Genus Ametrida
Little white-shouldered bat (Ametrida centurio)
Genus Ardops
Tree bat (Ardops nichollsi)
Genus Ariteus
Jamaican fig-eating bat (Ariteus flavescens)
Genus Artibeus
Artibeus aequatorialis
Large fruit-eating bat (Artibeus amplus)
Brown fruit-eating bat (Artibeus concolor)
Fringed fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fimbriatus)
Fraternal fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fraterculus)
Hairy fruit-eating bat (Artibeus hirsutus)
Honduran fruit-eating bat (Artibeus inopinatus)
Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis)
Great fruit-eating bat (Artibeus lituratus)
Dark fruit-eating bat (Artibeus obscurus)
Flat-faced fruit-eating bat (Artibeus planirostris)
Artibeus schwartzi
Genus Centurio
Wrinkle-faced bat (Centurio senex)
Genus Chiroderma
Brazilian big-eyed bat (Chiroderma doriae)
Guadeloupe big-eyed bat (Chiroderma improvisum)
Salvin's big-eyed bat (Chiroderma salvini)
Little big-eyed bat (Chiroderma trinitatum)
Hairy big-eyed bat (Chiroderma villosum)
Chiroderma vizottoi
Genus Ectophylla
Honduran white bat (Ectophylla alba)
Genus Enchisthenes
Velvety fruit-eating bat (Enchisthenes hartii)
Genus Mesophylla
MacConnell's bat (Mesophylla macconnelli)
Genus Phyllops
Cuban fig-eating bat (Phyllops falcatus)
Genus Pygoderma
Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum)
Genus Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus albericoi
Slender broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus angustirostris)
Platyrrhinus aquilus
Eldorado broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus aurarius)
Short-headed broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus brachycephalus)
Choco broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus chocoensis)
Thomas's broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus dorsalis)
Brown-bellied broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus fusciventris)
Heller's broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus helleri)
Platyrrhinus incarum
Buffy broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus infuscus)
Platyrrhinus ismaeli
White-lined broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus lineatus)
Quechua broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus masu)
Matapalo broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus matapalensis)
Western broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus nitelinea)
Recife broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus recifinus)
Shadowy broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus umbratus)
Greater broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus vittatus)
Genus Sphaeronycteris
Visored bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum)
Genus Stenoderma
Red fruit bat (Stenoderma rufum)
Genus Uroderma
Tent-making bat (Uroderma bilobatum)
Brown tent-making bat (Uroderma magnirostrum)
Genus Vampyressa
Melissa's yellow-eared bat (Vampyressa melissa)
Southern little yellow-eared bat (Vampyressa pusilla)
Northern little yellow-eared bat (Vampyressa thyone)
Genus Vampyriscus
Bidentate yellow-eared bat (Vampyriscus bidens)
Brock's yellow-eared bat (Vampyriscus brocki)
Vampyriscus nymphaeus
Genus Vampyrodes
Great stripe-faced bat (Vampyrodes caraccioli)
Vampyrodes major
Tribe Sturnirini
Genus Sturnira
Sturnira angeli
Aratathomas's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira aratathomasi)
Sturnira bakeri
Bidentate yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira bidens)
Bogota yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira bogotensis)
Burton's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira burtonlimi)
Hairy yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira erythromos)
Sturnira hondurensis
Sturnira koopmanhilli
Little yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira lilium)
Highland yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira ludovici)
Louis's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira luisi)
Greater yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira magna)
Mistratoan yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira mistratensis)
Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira mordax)
Lesser yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira nana)
Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira oporaphilum)
Sturnira parvidens
Sturnira paulsoni
Sturnira perla
Soriano's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira sorianoi)
Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira tildae)

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phyllostomidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Phyllostomidae.

Fleming, Theodore; Dávalos, Liliana; Mello, Marco (2020). Phyllostomid Bats: A Unique Mammalian Radiation (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-226-69612-6. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
Garbino, Guilherme S. T.; Tavares, Valéria da Cunha (2018). "Roosting ecology of Stenodermatinae bats (Phyllostomidae): evolution of foliage roosting and correlated phenotypes". Mammal Review. 48 (2): 75–89. doi:10.1111/mam.12114. ISSN 1365-2907. S2CID 89929161.
Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 805. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
Wetterer, Andrea L.; et al. (2000). "Phylogeny of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data from Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, and Restriction Sites". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 248 (1): 1–200. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)248<0001:POPBMC>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/1595.
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