Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Ordo: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohort: Theria
Cohorts: Metatheria - Eutheria
Name
Theria Parker & Haswell, 1897
References
Parker, T.J. & Haswell, W.A. 1897. A text-book of zoology, Volume 2. Macmillan and Company, London. BHL. Reference page. [see p. 448]
O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J.; Gaudin, T.J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N.P.; Goldberg, S.L.; Kraatz, B.P.; Luo, Z.-X.; Meng, J.; Ni, X.; Novacek, M.J.; Perini, F.A.; Randall, Z.S.; Rougier, G.W.; Sargis, E.J.; Silcox, M.T.; Simmons, N.B.; Spaulding, M.; Velazco, P.M.; Weksler, M.; Wible, J.R.; & Cirranello, A.L. 2013: The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339 (6120): 662–667. DOI: 10.1126/science.1229237 Reference page.
Links
Theria – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
беларуская: Звяры
català: Teri
čeština: Živorodí
Deutsch: Theria
Ελληνικά: Θηρία
English: Therians
español: Terios
suomi: Synnyttävät nisäkkäät
français: Thériens
magyar: Elevenszülő emlősök
italiano: Terii
日本語: 獣亜綱
한국어: 수아강(獸亞綱)
latviešu: Dzemdētājzīdītāji
norsk: Egentlige pattedyr
polski: Ssaki żyworodne
português: Térios
русский: Звери
svenska: Theria
Türkçe: Canlı doğum yapan ve yumurta bırakmayan memeliler
українська: звірі
Tiếng Việt: Theria
中文: 獸亞綱
Theria (/ˈθɪəriə/; Greek: θηρίον theríon, wild beast) is a subclass of mammals[2] amongst the Theriiformes. Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials).
Characteristics
Therian mammals give birth to live young without a shelled egg. This is possible thanks to key proteins called syncytins which allow exchanges between the mother and its offspring through a placenta, even rudimental ones such as in marsupials. Genetic studies have suggested a viral origin of syncytins through the endogenization process.[3]
The marsupials and the placental mammals evolved from a common therian ancestor that gave live birth by suppressing the mother's immune system. While the marsupials continued to give birth to an underdeveloped fetus after a short pregnancy, the ancestors of placental mammals gradually evolved a prolonged pregnancy.[4]
Therian mammals no longer have the coracoid bone, contrary to their cousins, monotremes.
Pinnae (external ears) are also a distinctive trait that is a therian exclusivity, though some therians, such as the earless seals, have lost them secondarily.[5]
Evolution
The earliest known therian mammal fossil is Juramaia, from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian stage) of China. However, molecular data suggests that therians may have originated even earlier, during the Early Jurassic.[6]
Taxonomy
Main article: Mammal classification
The rank of "Theria" may vary depending on the classification system used. The textbook classification system by Vaughan et al. (2000)[7] gives the following:
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: live-bearing mammals
Infraclass Metatheria: marsupials
Infraclass Eutheria: placentals
In the above system Theria is a subclass. Alternatively, in the system proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997)[8] it is ranked as a supercohort under the subclass Theriiformes:
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theriiformes: live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
Infraclass Holotheria: modern live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
Legion Cladotheria
Sublegion Zatheria
Infralegion Tribosphenida
Supercohort Theria: therian mammals
Cohort Marsupialia: marsupials
Cohort Placentalia: placentals
Another classification proposed by Luo et al. (2002)[9] does not assign any rank to the taxonomic levels, but uses a purely cladistic system instead.
See also
Marsupials
Marsupionta
Monotremes
Placental mammals
References
ITIS Standard Report Page: Theria
Myers, P.; R. Espinosa; C. S. Parr; T. Jones; G. S. Hammond & T. A. Dewey. "Subclass Theria". Animal Diversity Web.
Cornelis, G.; Vernochet, C.; Carradec, Q.; Souquere, S.; Mulot, B.; Catzeflis, F.; Nilsson, M. A.; Menzies, B. R.; Renfree, M. B.; Pierron, G.; Zeller, U.; Heidmann, O.; Dupressoir, A.; Heidmann, T. (2015). "Retroviral envelope gene captures and syncytin exaptation for placentation in marsupials". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (5): E487–E496. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E.487C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1417000112. PMC 4321253. PMID 25605903.
Ancient “genomic parasites” spurred evolution of pregnancy in mammals
SUMIYAMA K; MIYAKE T; GRIMWOOD J; STUART A; DICKSON M; SCHMUTZ J; RUDDLE FH; MYERS RM; AMEMIYA CT (2012). "Theria-Specific Homeodomain and cis-Regulatory Element Evolution of the Dlx3–4 Bigene Cluster in 12 Different Mammalian Species". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 318 (8): 639–650. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22469. PMC 3651898. PMID 22951979.
Hugall, A.F. et al. (2007) Calibration choice, rate smoothing, and the pattern of tetrapod diversification according to the long nuclear gene RAG-1. Syst Biol. 56(4):543-63.
Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-03-025034-X
McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
Luo, Z.-X., Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and R. L. Cifelli. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:1-78.
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