Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Classis: Mammalia
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Cladi: Placentalia – †Cimolesta – †Eomaia – †Juramaia
Genera incertae sedis: †Adapisoriculus – †Afrodon – †Bustylus – †Chacomylus – †Deccanolestes – †Garatherium – †Mionothropus – †Mondegodon – ?†Remiculus – ?†Sahnitherium – ?†Wyonycteris
Xenarthra - Afrotheria - Euarchontoglires - Laurasiatheria - Meridiungulata
Name
Eutheria Gill, 1872: v
References
Primary references
Gill, T. 1872. Arrangement of the families of mammals. With analytical tables. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 230: i–vi, 1–98. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Huxley, T.H. 1880. On the Application of the Laws of Evolution to the Arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 649–662. BHL Reference page. [p. 657]
Links
Eutheria Gill, 1872 – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
català: Euteri
čeština: Živorodí
Deutsch: Höhere Säugetiere
Ελληνικά: Ευθήρια
English: Eutheria
español: Euterios
suomi: Istukkanisäkkäät
Nordfriisk: Huuger tetjdiarten
français: Euthériens
日本語: 真獣下綱
한국어: 진수하강(眞獸下綱)
polski: Łożyskowce
русский: Эутерии
Eutheria (from Greek εὐ-, eú- 'good, right' and θηρίον, thēríon 'beast'; lit. 'true beasts'), also called Pan-Placentalia, is the clade consisting of placental mammals and all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials.
Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic traits of the feet, ankles, jaws and teeth. All extant eutherians lack epipubic bones, which are present in all other living mammals (marsupials and monotremes). This allows for expansion of the abdomen during pregnancy,[1] though epipubic bones are present in many primitive eutherians.[2] Eutheria was named in 1872 by Theodore Gill; in 1880, Thomas Henry Huxley defined it to encompass a more broadly defined group than Placentalia.[3]
The earliest unambiguous eutherians are known from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, dating around 120 million years ago.[4] Two tribosphenic mammals, Durlstodon and Durlstotherium from the Berriasian age (~145-140 million years ago) of the Early Cretaceous in southern England have also been suggested to represent early eutherians.[5][6] Another possible eutherian species Juramaia sinensis has been dated at 161 million years ago from the early Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of China.[7] However some authors have considered Juramaia as a stem therian instead,[5][6] and some sources have doubted the dating of the specimen.[8]
Characteristics
The entocuneiform bone
Distinguishing features are:
an enlarged malleolus ("little hammer") at the bottom of the tibia, the larger of the two shin bones[9]
the joint between the first metatarsal bone and the entocuneiform bone (the innermost of the three cuneiform bones) in the foot is offset farther back than the joint between the second metatarsal and middle cuneiform bones—in metatherians these joints are level with each other[9]
various features of jaws and teeth[9] including: having three molars in the halves of each jaw, each upper canine having two roots, the paraconid on the last lower premolar is pronounced, the talonid region of the lower molars is narrower than the trigonid.[10]
Taxonomy
Eutheria (i.e. Placentalia sensu lato, Pan-Placentalia):[11][12][13][14][15][10][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][excessive citations]
incertae sedis:
?Family †Holoclemensiidae[25] (often considered a basal metatherian)
?Genus †Hyotheridium[26][27]
?Genus †Endotherium[28]
Genus †Durlstodon
Genus †Durlstotherium
Genus †Microtherulum
Genus †Sinodelphys
Genus †Cokotherium
Genus †Ambolestes
Genus †Montanalestes
Genus †Indoclemensia[29]
?Family †Horolodectidae (might belong somewhere within Placentalia sensu stricto)[30]
?Genus †Juramaia
Genus †Eomaia
Genus †Acristatherium
Clade †Tamirtheria ? (monophyly disputed[31])
Genus †Prokennalestes
?Genus †Hovurlestes
Genus †Murtoilestes
Genus †Bobolestes (inclusive of the former genus Otlestes)
Family †Adapisoriculidae (inclusive of the genus †Sahnitherium)
Genus †Paranyctoides
Family †Zhelestidae (inclusive of the genus Eozhelestes)
Family †Cimolestidae (inclusive of the genera †Maelestes and †Batodon)
?Order †Taeniodonta[32]
Order †Asioryctitheria
Family †Zalambdalestidae
Order †Leptictida
?Family †Didymoconidae
?Genus †Purgatorius
?Genus †Protungulatum
?Genus †Oxyprimus
Infraclass Placentalia sensu stricto
Notes:
Some older systems contained an order called Cimolesta (sensu lato), which contains the above taxa Cimolestidae, Taeniodonta and Didymoconidae, but also (all or some of) the taxa †Ptolemaiidae, †Palaeoryctidae, †Wyolestidae, †Pantolesta (probably inclusive of the family †Horolodectidae), †Tillodontia, †Apatotheria, †Pantodonta, Pholidota and †Palaeanodonta. Those additional taxa (all of which are usually considered members of Placentalia sensu stricto today) were thus also placed among basal Eutheria in such older systems and were placed next to Cimolestidae.
Some systems also included the †Creodonta and/or †Dinocerata as basal Eutherians.
Some authors classify the taxa, which are at the end of the above system of basal Eutheria, as part of Placentalia sensu stricto. More specifically, depending on the author, this applies to the taxa of the above system that are placed from (and inclusive of) Leptictida or Asioryctitheria or Adapisoriculidae down to (and inclusive of) Oxyprimus.
Evolutionary history
Eutheria contains several extinct genera as well as larger groups, many with complicated taxonomic histories still not fully understood. Members of the Adapisoriculidae, Cimolesta and Leptictida have been previously placed within the outdated placental group Insectivora, while zhelestids have been considered primitive ungulates.[33] However, more recent studies have suggested these enigmatic taxa represent stem group eutherians, more basal to Placentalia.[34][35]
The weakly favoured cladogram favours Boreoeutheria as a basal eutherian clade as sister to the Atlantogenata.[36][37][38]
| Placentalia |
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Phylogeny after Yang & Yang, 2023.[39]
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Metatheria |
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| Eutheria |
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Below is a phylogeny from Gheerbrant & Teodori (2021):[40]
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Ecology
Many non-placental eutherians are thought to have been insectivores, as is the case with many primitive mammals.[41] However, the zhelestids are thought to have been herbivorous.[40] Body size of eutherians was generally small during the Cretaceous period, but the range of body sizes increased dramatically after the K-Pg extinction, predominantly among placentals.[42]
References
Wikispecies has information related to Eutheria.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Monodelphia".
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