Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Cingulata
Familia: †Peltephilidae
Genera: Anantiosodon – Epipeltephilus – Parapeltecoelus – Peltecoelus – Peltephilus
Name
†Peltephilidae Ameghino, 1894
References
Ameghino, F., 1894: Enumeration Synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations Eocenes de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina), 13: 259–452.
González-Ruiz, L.R., Scillato-Yané, G.J., Krmpotic, C.M. & Carlini, A.A. 2012. A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina. Zootaxa 3359: 55–64. Preview Reference page.
Peltephilidae (meaning "armor-liking") is a family of South American cingulates (armadillos) that lived for over 40 million years, but peaked in diversity towards the end of the Oligocene and beginning of the Miocene in what is now Argentina. They were exclusive to South America due to its geographic isolation at the time, one of many of the continent's strange endemic families. Peltephilids are one of the earliest known cingulates, diverging from the rest of Cingulata in the Early Eocene.
History of research
Fossils of peltephilids were first unearthed in the 1880s by Argentine paleontologist Carlos Ameghino, who had been searching for mammal remains in the Miocene-aged strata of the Santa Cruz Formation in Barrancas del Río Santa Cruz in Santa Cruz, Argentina.[1] The outcrops that were visited had previously been mentioned by Francisco Moreno, who mentioned the discovery of cingulate fossils from the locale in 1882.[2][1] The material recovered by Ameghino was later described by his brother Florentino, who was one of the most prolific paleontologists of the 19th century.[3] Florentino Ameghino went on to name 11 species of armadillo based on the remains collected by Carlos, including two species of a new genus he dubbed called Peltephilus.[4][1] The fossils were very fragmentary, consisting purely of unusual, isolated osteoderms (bony "scales" in the skin) that he believed were of a dasypodid.[4] Even more strange osteoderms were found by Carlos in later expeditions to the exposures of the Santa Cruz Formation until, resulting in the discovery of a skull and associated osteoderms from Monte Observacion, which he dubbed Peltephilus ferox.[5][6] Ameghino noted the strange nature of the skull, inspiring him to create the family Peltephilidae three years later.[7]
Of the six established genera of peltephilid, four of them were named by Ameghino between 1887 and 1904.[8][9][4] Since Ameghino's death, the genera Parapeltecoelus in 1938[10] and Ronwolffia in 2017 have been dubbed, both known from osteoderms and skull material.[9]
Classification
Peltephilids were not recognized as a distinct family of cingulates until 1894, when the discovery of several distinctly short, horned skulls in association with unusual osteoderms, which had been described previously as Peltephilus in 1887, was reported by Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino. Since 1887, four more peltephilid genera represented by at least 12 species have been named,[11][12][13] all of which are from the Cenozoic deposits of Argentina,[11][14][4] Chile,[15][16] and Bolivia.[9] Several indeterminate fossils have also been mentioned in literature, including a Paleogene-aged find in Peru.[17]
The family Peltephilidae is within the order Cingulata, which contains all pampatheres, pachyarmatheres, glyptodonts, and extant armadillo clades.[18] Peltephilidae is theorized to have split off from the rest of Cingulata in the Paleocene, just after cingulates diverged from Pilosa and other xenarthrans in the Late Cretaceous.[9]
References
Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabian (2019-12-20). "CINGULATES (MAMMALIA, XENARTHRA) OF THE SANTA CRUZ FORMATION (EARLY–MIDDLE MIOCENE) FROM THE RÍO SANTA CRUZ, ARGENTINE PATAGONIA". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.14.10.2019.291. hdl:11336/127369. ISSN 2469-0228.
Moreno, F. P. (1882). ... Patagonia resto de un antiguo continente hoy sumerjido, contribuciones al estudio de las colecciones del Museo Antropológico y arqueológico. Pablo C. Coni.
Podgorny, I. (2021). Florentino Ameghino y hermanos. Edhasa.
Ameghino, F. (1887). Enumeración sistemática de las especies de mamíferos fósiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletín del Museo de la Plata.
Ameghino, F. (1891). Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en al Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Rev. Argentina His. Nat., 1, 289-328.
Moreno, F. P., & Mercerat, A. (1891). Nota sobre algunas especies de un género aberrante de los Dasypoda (Eoceno de Patagonia) conservadas en el Museo de La Plata. Revista del Museo de La Plata, 1891.
Ameghino, F. (1894). Enumération synoptique des espèces de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie. Imp. de PE Coni é hijos.
Ameghino, F. (1904). NUEVAS ESPECIES DE MAMÍFEROS CRETACEOS Y TERCIARIOS. In Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina (Vol. 58, p. 35).
Shockey, B. J., & Vlachos, E. (2017). New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 58(2), 3-94.
Bordas, A. F. (1938). Sobre un nuevo Peltephiloda del Trelewense. Physis, 12(44), 267-277.
Gonzalez Ruiz, Laureano Raul; Scillato, Gustavo Juan; Krmpotic, Cecilia Mariana; Carlini, Alfredo Armando (2012). "A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina". Zootaxa. 3359. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3359.1.5. hdl:11336/196599. ISSN 1175-5326.
Scillato-Yané, G. J. (1980). Catálogo de los Dasypodidae fósiles (Mammalia, Edentata) de la República Argentina. In Actas II Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía y I Congreso latinoamericano de Paleontología, Buenos Aires (Vol. 3, pp. 7-36).
Bordas, A. F. (1936). Los Peltateloidea de la colección Ameghino. Peltephiloda.(Infraorden de los Xenarthra). Physis, 12(41), 1-18.
Vizcaino, S. F., Fernicola, J. C., & Bargo, M. S. (2012). Paleobiology of Santacrucian glyptodonts and armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata). Early Miocene paleobiology in Patagonia: high-latitude paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 194-215.
Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2007-12-12). "A new basal glyptodontid and other Xenarthra of the early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 781–797. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[781:ANBGAO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
Montoya-Sanhueza, Germán; Moreno, Karen; Bobe, René; Carrano, Matthew T.; García, Marcelo; Corgne, Alexandre (2017-04-01). "Peltephilidae and Mesotheriidae (Mammalia) from late Miocene strata of Northern Chilean Andes, Caragua". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 75: 51–65. Bibcode:2017JSAES..75...51M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.009. ISSN 0895-9811.
Boivin, M., Marivaux, L., Pujos, F., Salas-Gismondi, R., Tejada-Lara, J., Varas-Malca, R. M., & Antoine, P. O. (2018). Early Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Shapaja, Peruvian Amazonia. Palaeontographica A, 311(1-6), 87-156.
Barasoain, Daniel; González-Ruiz, Laureano; Zurita, Alfredo; Villarroel, Carlos (2022-03-04). "Oldest new Dasypodini (Xenarthra, Cingulata) provides new trails about armadillos evolutionary history". Historical Biology. 34 (3): 390–402. Bibcode:2022HBio...34..390B. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1917566. ISSN 0891-2963.
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