Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Cingulata
Classis: Mammalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Cingulata
Familiae (2 + 4†): Chlamyphoridae – Dasypodidae – †Glyptodontidae – †Pachyarmatheriidae – †Pampatheriidae – †Peltephilidae
Name
Cingulata Illiger, 1811: 110
References
Primary references
Illiger, J.K.W. 1811. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione germanica. C. Salfield: Berolini. xviii + 302 pp. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.K. (eds.). 1997. Classification of mammals: above the species level. Columbia University Press: New York. xii + 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Google Books Reference page.
Gardner, A.L. 2005. Order Cingulata. Pp. 94–99 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) . Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Gürteltiere
English: Armadillos
magyar: Páncélos vendégízületesek
Bahasa Indonesia: Trenggiling
日本語: 被甲目
한국어: 피갑목(被甲目)
Nederlands: Gordeldierachtigen
Diné bizaad: Kááʼtsiní
português: Tatu
ไทย: อาร์มาดิลโล่
Türkçe: Zırhlı memeliler
Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order.[1] Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45 kg (100 lb) in the case of the giant armadillo[2]) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb)[3] and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)[4] or more.
The cingulate order originated in South America during the Paleocene epoch about 66 to 56 million years ago, and due to the continent's former isolation remained confined to it during most of the Cenozoic. However, the formation of a land bridge allowed members of all three families to migrate to southern North America during the Pliocene[5] or early Pleistocene[6] as part of the Great American Interchange. After surviving for tens of millions of years, all of the pampatheriids and giant glyptodonts apparently died out during the Quaternary extinction event at the beginning of the Holocene,[7][8] along with much of the rest of the regional megafauna, shortly after the colonization of the Americas by Paleo-Indians.
Description
Armadillos have dorsal armor that is formed by osteoderms, plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping keratinized epidermal scales called "scutes". Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with three to nine bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks.[9]
Pampatheres also had shells that were flexible due to three movable lateral bands of osteoderms.[3] The osteoderms of pampatheres were each covered by a single scute, unlike those of armadillos, which have more than one.[3] Glyptodonts, on the other hand, had rigid, turtle-like shells of fused osteoderms.
Both groups have or had a cap of armor atop their heads. Glyptodonts also had heavily armored tails; some, such as Doedicurus, had mace-like clubs at the ends of their tails, similar to those of ankylosaurs, evidently used for defensive or agonistic purposes.[4]
Most armadillos eat insects and other invertebrates; some are more omnivorous and may also eat small vertebrates and vegetable matter. Pampatheres are thought to have been specialized for grazing,[3] and isotopic analysis indicates the diet of glyptodonts was dominated by C4 grasses.[10] Euphractinae is unique for speciations towards carnivory, culminating in the macropredatory genus Macroeuphractus.
Classification
Main article: List of cingulates
Holmesina septentrionalis (Barcelona)
Nine-banded armadillo, D. novemcinctus (Smithsonian)
Glyptodon clavipes (Berlin)
The taxonomic table below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis published by Delsuc et al., 2016. While glyptodonts have traditionally been considered stem-group cingulates outside the group that contains modern armadillos, this 2016 study conducted an analysis of Doedicurus mtDNA and found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the sister group of a clade consisting of Chlamyphorinae and Tolypeutinae.[11]
Order Cingulata
- Family †Peltephilidae Ameghino 1894
- Genus †Anantiosodon Ameghino 1891
- Genus †Epipeltephilus Ameghino 1904
- Genus †Parapeltecoelus Bordas 1938
- Genus †Peltecoelus Ameghino 1902
- Genus †Peltephilus Ameghino 1887 (Horned armadillo)
- Genus †Ronwolffia Shockey 2017
- Family †Paleopeltidae Ameghino 1895
- Genus †Palaeopeltis Ameghino 1895
- Family †Pampatheriidae
- Genus ?†Machlydotherium Ameghino 1902
- Genus †Holmesina Simpson 1930
- Genus †Kraglievichia Castellanos 1927
- Genus †Machlydotherium
- Genus †Pampatherium Ameghino 1875 ex Gervais & Ameghino 1880
- Genus †Scirrotherium Edmund & Theodor 1997
- Genus †Tonnicinctus Góis et al. 2015[12]
- Genus †Vassallia Castellanos 1927 [Plaina Castellanos 1937]
- Genus †Yuruatherium Ciancio et al. 2012
- Family †Pachyarmatheriidae Fernicola et al. 2018
- Genus †Neoglyptatelus Carlini, Vizcaíno & Scillato-Yané 1997
- Genus †Pachyarmatherium Downing & White 1995
- Family Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos)
- Genus †Acantharodeia
- Genus †Amblytatus
- Genus †Archaeutatus
- Genus †Astegotherium
- Genus †Astegotherium
- Genus †Barrancatatus
- Genus †Chasicotatus
- Genus †Chorobates
- Genus †Coelutaetus
- Genus †Eocoleophorus
- Genus †Epipeltecoelus
- Genus †Eutatus
- Genus †Hemiutaetus
- Genus †Isutaetus
- Genus †Lumbreratherium
- Genus †Macrochorobates
- Genus †Mazzoniphractus
- Genus †Meteutatus
- Genus †Pedrolypeutes
- Genus †Prodasypus
- Genus †Proeutatus
- Genus †Prostegotherium
- Genus †Pucatherium
- Genus †Punatherium
- Genus †Stegotherium
- Genus †Stenotatus
- Genus †Utaetus
- Genus †Vetelia
- Subfamily Dasypodinae
- Genus †Anadasypus
- Genus Dasypus
- Genus †Nanoastegotherium
- Genus †Parastegosimpsonia
- Genus †Pliodasypus
- Genus †Propraopus
- Genus †Riostegotherium
- Genus †Stegosimpsonia
- Family Chlamyphoridae: glyptodonts and other armadillos
- Subfamily Chlamyphorinae: fairy armadillos
- Genus Calyptophractus
- Genus Chlamyphorus
- Subfamily Euphractinae: hairy, six-banded and pichi armadillos
- Genus Chaetophractus
- Genus †Doellotatus
- Genus Euphractus
- Genus †Macroeuphractus
- Genus †Peltephilus
- Genus †Proeuphractus
- Genus †Paleuphractus
- Genus Zaedyus
- Subfamily †Glyptodontinae: glyptodonts
- Genus †Doedicurus
- Genus †Glyptodon
- Genus †Glyptotherium
- Genus †Hoplophorus
- Genus †Panochthus
- Genus †Parapropalaehoplophorus
- Genus †Plaxhaplous
- Subfamily Tolypeutinae: giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos
- Genus Cabassous
- Genus †Kuntinaru[13]
- Genus Priodontes
- Genus Tolypeutes
- Subfamily Chlamyphorinae: fairy armadillos
Cladogram of Cingulata[11][14][15]
References
Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Cingulata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Giant Armadillo Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792). FaunaParaguay.com
Vizcaíno, S. F.; De Iuliis, G.; Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Skull Shape, Masticatory Apparatus, and Diet of Vassallia and Holmesina (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae): When Anatomy Constrains Destiny". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 5 (4): 291–322. doi:10.1023/A:1020500127041. S2CID 20186439.
Blanco, R. E.; Jones, W. W.; Rinderknecht, A. (2009-08-26). "The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1675): 3971–3978. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1144. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2825778. PMID 19710060.
Mead, J. I.; Swift, S. L.; White, R. S.; McDonald, H. G.; Baez, A. (2007). "Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Glyptodont and Pampathere (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Sonora, Mexico" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 24 (3): 439–449 (see p. 440). Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Woodburne, M. O. (2010-07-14). "The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (4): 245–264 (see p. 249). doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8. ISSN 1064-7554. PMC 2987556. PMID 21125025.
Hubbe, A.; Hubbe, M.; Neves, W. A. (March 2013). "The Brazilian megamastofauna of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and its relationship with the early human settlement of the continent". Earth-Science Reviews. 118: 1–10 (see pages 3, 6). Bibcode:2013ESRv..118....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.01.003. ISSN 0012-8252.
Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. pp. 21–37 (see p. 31). doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. OCLC 313368423.
Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 781–783. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
Pérez-Crespo, V. A.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Alva-Valdivia, L. M.; Morales-Puente, P.; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, E. (2011-10-18). "Diet and habitat definitions for Mexican glyptodonts from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) based on stable isotope analysis". Geological Magazine. 149 (1): 153–157. doi:10.1017/S0016756811000951. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 129862616.
Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G.C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; et al. (22 February 2016). "The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts". Current Biology. 26 (4): R155–R156. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039. hdl:11336/49579. PMID 26906483 – via archives-ouvertes.fr.
Flávio Góis; Laureano Raúl González Ruiz; Gustavo Juan Scillato-Yané; Esteban Soibelzon (2015). "A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0128296. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1028296G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128296. PMC 4470999. PMID 26083486.
Guillaume Billet; Lionel Hautier; Christian de Muizon; Xavier Valentin (2011). "Oldest cingulate skulls provide congruence between morphological and molecular scenarios of armadillo evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 278 (1719): 2791–2797. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2443. PMC 3145180. PMID 21288952.
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLOS Biol. 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540. PMID 31800571.
Gibb, Gillian C.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Kuch, Melanie; Enk, Jacob; Moraes-Barros, Nadia; Superina, Mariella; et al. (2015). "Shotgun mitogenomics provides a reference phylogenetic framework and timescale for living xenarthrans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (3): 621–642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv250. PMC 4760074. PMID 26556496.
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