Turdus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Muscicapoidea

Familia: Turdidae
Genus: Turdus
Species: T. abyssinicus – T. albicollis – T. albocinctus – T. amaurochalinus – T. arthuri – T. assimilis – T. atrogularis – T. aurantius – T. bewsheri – T. boulboul – T. cardis – T. celaenops – T. chiguanco – T. chrysolaus – T. daguae – T. dissimilis – T. eremita – T. eunomus – T. falcklandii – T. feae – T. flavipes – T. fulviventris – T. fumigatus – T. fuscater – T. grayi – T. haplochrous – T. hauxwelli – T. helleri – T. hortulorum – T. ignobilis – T. iliacus – T. infuscatus – T. jamaicensis – T. kessleri – T. lawrencii – T. leucomelas – T. leucops – T. lherminieri – T. libonyana – T. litsitsirupa – T. ludoviciae – T. maculirostris – T. mandarinus – T. maranonicus – T. maximus – T. menachensis – T. merula – T. migratorius – T. mupinensis – T. murinus – T. naumanni – T. nigrescens – T. nigriceps – T. niveiceps – T. nudigenis – T. obscurus – T. obsoletus – T. olivaceofuscus – T. olivaceus – T. olivater – T. pallidus – T. pelios – T. philomelos – T. pilaris – T. plebejus – T. plumbeus – T. poliocephalus – †T. ravidus – T. reevei – T. roehli – T. rubrocanus – T. ruficollis – T. rufitorques – T. rufiventris – T. rufopalliatus – T. sanchezorum – T. serranus – T. simillimus – T. smithi – T. subalaris – T. swalesi – T. tephronotus – T. torquatus – T. turdoides – T. unicolor – T. viscivorus – T. xanthorhynchus

Name

Turdus Linnaeus, 1758

Gender: masculine
Type species: Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms

Planesticus Bonaparte, 1854
Cichlherminia Bonaparte, 1854
Nesocichla Gould, 1855
Mimocichla P.L. Sclater, 1859
Platycichla Baird, 1864
Peliocichla Cabanis, 1882
Cataponera Hartert, 1896
Haplocichla Ridgway, 1905
Afrocichla Roberts, 1922

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 168 BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Collar, N. J. (2005). Family Turdidae (thrushes). In: del Hoyo, J. et al., eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World 10: 514–807. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Voelker, G., Rohwer, S., Bowie, R. C., & Outlaw, D. C. (2007). Molecular systematics of a speciose, cosmopolitan songbird genus: defining the limits of, and relationships among, the Turdus thrushes. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 42 (2): 422–434.
Nylander, J.A.A, Olsson, U., Alström, P. & Sanmartín, I. 2008. Accounting for Phylogenetic Uncertainty in Biogeography: A Bayesian Approach to Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis of the Thrushes (Aves: Turdus) Systematic Biology 57(2): 257–268 DOI: 10.1080/10635150802044003 Open access Reference page.
Reeve, A.H.; Blom, M.P.K.; Zahl Marki, P.; Batista, R.; Olsson, U.; Edmark, V.N.; Irestedt, M.; & Jønsson, K.A. 2022. The Sulawesi Thrush (Cataponera turdoides; Aves: Passeriformes) belongs to the genus Turdus. Zoologica Scripta 51(2): 31–40. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12518 Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Lysters
العربية: سمنة
azərbaycanca: Qaratoyuq
нохчийн: Дрозды
čeština: Drozd
dansk: Drossel
Deutsch: Drosseln
English: Thrush
Esperanto: Turdoj
español: Mirlo, zorzal, tordo
eesti: Rästas
فارسی: توکای حقیقی
suomi: Rastaat
français: Grive
Frysk: Lysters
Avañe'ẽ: Korochire
հայերեն: Կեռնեխներ
íslenska: Eiginlegir þrestir
日本語: ツグミ属
lietuvių: Strazdai
latviešu: Mežastrazdi
кырык мары: Лагы
эрзянь: Тырдаз
Nederlands: Echte lijsters
Runa Simi: Yukris
русский: Дрозды
саха тыла: Чаччыгыныардар уустара
slovenčina: Drozd
Seeltersk: Dröiselke
татарча/tatarça: Баркылдыклар
українська: Дрізд
中文: 鶇屬

The true thrushes are medium-sized mostly insectivorous or omnivorous birds in the genus Turdus of the thrush family Turdidae.

The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Several species have also colonised some oceanic islands, and two species have been introduced to New Zealand. Some New World species are called robins, the most famous of which is the American Robin. Several species are migratory.

While some species are often split out of Turdus, the two small thrushes formerly separated in Platycichla by many authors are usually placed in the present genus again in recent years.
List of species in taxonomic order

* Common Blackbird, Turdus merula
o Indian Blackbird, Turdus (merula) simillimus
o Tibetan Blackbird, Turdus (merula) maximus
o Chinese Blackbird, Turdus (merula) mandarinus
* Yemen Thrush, Turdus menachensis
* Olive Thrush, Turdus olivaceus
o Abyssinian Thrush, Turdus (olivaceus) abyssinicus
o Usambara Thrush, Turdus (olivaceus/abyssinicus) roehli
o Karoo Thrush, Turdus (olivaceus) smithi
* Taita Thrush, Turdus helleri - formerly in T. olivaceus
* Somali Thrush or Somali Blackbird, Turdus ludoviciae - formerly in T. olivaceus
* Olivaceous Thrush, Turdus olivaceofuscus
* Comoro Thrush, Turdus bewsheri
* Kurrichane Thrush, Turdus libonyanus
* African Thrush, Turdus pelios
* African Bare-eyed Thrush, Turdus tephronotus
* Grey-backed Thrush, Turdus hortulorum
* Tickell's Thrush, Turdus unicolor
* Black-breasted Thrush, Turdus dissimilis
* Japanese Thrush, Turdus cardis
* White-collared Blackbird, Turdus albocinctus
* Ring Ouzel, Turdus torquatus
* Grey-winged Blackbird, Turdus boulboul
* Island Thrush, Turdus poliocephalus
o Christmas Island Thrush, Turdus poliocephalus erythropleurus - common Christmas Island endemic subspecies
o Norfolk Island Thrush, Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus - extinct (c.1975)
o Maré Island Thrush, Turdus poliocephalus mareensis - extinct (early 20th century)
o Lord Howe Island Thrush, Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus - extinct (1920s)
o Lifou Island Thrush, Turdus poliocephalus pritzbueri - possibly extinct (early 20th century?)
* Chestnut Thrush, Turdus rubrocanus
* White-backed Thrush, Turdus kessleri
* Grey-sided Thrush, Turdus feae
* Eyebrowed Thrush, Turdus obscurus
* Pale Thrush, Turdus pallidus
* Brown-headed Thrush, Turdus chrysolaus
* Izu Thrush, Turdus celaenops
* Dark-throated Thrush, Turdus atrogularis
o Black-throated Thrush, Turdus (atrogularis) atrogularis
o Red-throated Thrush, Turdus (atrogularis) ruficollis
* Dusky Thrush, Turdus naumanni
o Naumann's Thrush, Turdus (naumanni) naumanni
o Dusky Thrush, Turdus (naumanni) eunomus
* Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris
* Redwing, Turdus iliacus
* Song Thrush, Turdus philomelos
* Chinese Thrush, Turdus mupinensis
* Mistle Thrush, Turdus viscivorus
* Red-legged Thrush, Turdus plumbeus
* Grand Cayman Thrush, Turdus ravidus - extinct (1940s)
* Chiguanco Thrush, Turdus chiguanco
* Sooty Thrush, Turdus nigrescens
* Great Thrush, Turdus fuscater
* Black Thrush, Turdus infuscatus
* Glossy-black Thrush, Turdus serranus
* Andean Slaty Thrush, Turdus nigriceps
* Eastern Slaty Thrush, Turdus subalaris
* Black-hooded Thrush, Turdus olivater
o Cauca Black-hooded Thrush, Turdus olivater caucae - possibly extinct (late 20th century?)
* Plumbeous-backed Thrush, Turdus reevei
* Marañón Thrush, Turdus maranonicus
* Chestnut-bellied Thrush, Turdus fulviventris
* Rufous-bellied Thrush, Turdus rufiventris
* Austral Thrush, Turdus falcklandii
* Pale-breasted Thrush, Turdus leucomelas
* Creamy-bellied Thrush, Turdus amaurochalinus
* Mountain Thrush, Turdus plebejus
* Black-billed Thrush, Turdus ignobilis
* Lawrence's Thrush, Turdus lawrencii
* Cocoa Thrush, Turdus fumigatus
* Pale-vented Thrush, Turdus obsoletus
* Hauxwell's Thrush, Turdus hauxwelli
* Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus grayi
* Bare-eyed Thrush, Turdus nudigenis
* Ecuadorian Thrush, Turdus maculirostris
* Unicolored Thrush, Turdus haplochrous
* White-eyed Thrush, Turdus jamaicensis
* White-throated Thrush, Turdus assimilis
o Dagua Thrush, Turdus (assimilis) daguae
* White-necked Thrush, Turdus albicollis
o Rufous-flanked Thrush Turdus (albicollis) albicollis
o Grey-flanked Thrush Turdus (albicollis) phaeopygos
* Rufous-backed Robin, Turdus rufopalliatus
* Rufous-collared Robin, Turdus rufitorques
* American Robin, Turdus migratorius
* La Selle Thrush, Turdus swalesi
* White-chinned Thrush, Turdus aurantius