Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis: Sarcopterygii
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Muscicapoidea
Familia: Turdidae
Genus: Turdus
Species: Turdus albicollis
Subspecies: T. a. albicollis – T. a. contemptus – T. a. crotopezus – T. a. paraguayensis – T. a. phaeopygoides – T. a. phaeopygus – T. a. spodiolaemus
Synonyms: T. a. berlepschi included in spodiolaemus, T. a. minuscula included in phaeopygoides.
Name
Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818
Type locality: Brazil, restricted to Rio de Janeiro.
References
Vieillot, L.J.P. 1818. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Avec des figures tirées des trois règnes de la nature. Tome 20. 586 pp. + 9 tt. Déterville, Paris. p. 227 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: White-Necked Thrush
español: Zorzal Gris
português: Sabiá-coleira
The white-necked thrush (Turdus albicollis) is a songbird found in forest and woodland in South America. The taxonomy is potentially confusing, and it sometimes includes the members of the T. assimilis group as subspecies, in which case the "combined species" is referred to as the white-throated thrush (a name limited to T. assimilis when the two are split). On the contrary, it may be split into two species, the rufous-flanked thrush (T. albicollis) and the grey-flanked thrush (T. phaeopygos).
Description
The albicollis group ("rufous-flanked thrush") above and phaeopygos group ("grey-flanked thrush") below
This thrush is 20+1⁄2–26 cm (8.1–10.2 in) long and weighs 40–77 g (1.4–2.7 oz).[2] The upperparts are dark brown, turning duskier or greyer towards the ocular region. The throat is white with dense dark streaks, except on the lowermost part, resulting in the appearance of a white crescent below the dark-streaked white throat. This has given rise to both its English and scientific name. The crissum (the undertail coverts surrounding the cloaca) and central belly are whitish, and the chest is grey often tinged brown. The members of the nominate group have conspicuous rufous flanks, and the bill is yellow with a dusky culmen. The flanks are paler and more tawny in the subspecies crotopezus, which also has the entire upper mandible dusky. The members of the phaeopygos group lack contrasting rufous or tawny flanks, and have bills that are almost entirely dusky. All subspecies have pinkish-brown legs and a reddish or yellow eye-ring.[2] Sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller, with dull orange spotting above, and brownish spotting below.[3]
The song is a relatively musical, often rather monotonous[4] two-e-o, two-e. The calls is a distinctive wuk, while the alarm is a rough jjig-wig-wig.[2]
Distribution and habitat
The nominate group (including subspecies paraguayensis and crotopezus) occurs in eastern Brazil, far northern Uruguay, eastern Paraguay and far north-eastern Argentina. The phaeopygos group (including subspecies phaopygoides, spodiolaemus and contemptus) is mainly found in the Amazon Basin, but with populations extending along the eastern slope of the Andes as far south as north-eastern Argentina, and as far north as western Venezuela, with extensions along the Coastal Range, the region centered around Serranía del Perijá and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.[2][4]
Both groups are mainly associated with humid forest and woodland. In the case of the nominate group, mainly the Atlantic Forest, and in the case of the phaeopygos group, mainly the Amazon Rainforest or humid forests and woodlands near mountains. It rarely ventures far from cover.[2]
Behavior
The white-necked thrush mainly feeds on or near the ground on invertebrates. It also takes some fruit and berries.[2] It regularly follows army ant swarms, but does not attend mixed species flocks.[4] Throughout most of its range, especially in the Amazon, it is a shy species, heard far more than seen, but in Trinidad and parts of south-eastern
Brazil it may be less retiring.
White-necked thrush at nest
The nest is a lined cup of twigs placed low (at a height of 1–9 m [3.3–29.5 ft][2]) in a tree or bush. Two to three reddish-blotched green-blue eggs are laid and incubated by the female alone for 12–13 days. Social monogamous, but extra-pair mate are common.[5]
Taxonomy
T. albicollis sometimes includes the members of the T. assimilis group as subspecies, in which case the "combined species" is referred to as the white-throated thrush (a name limited to T. assimilis when the two are split). Published evidence supporting either treatment is weak, but most recent authorities have followed the split.[6]
On the contrary, it has been suggested that the nominate group and the phaeopygos group of T. albicollis should be considered separate species, but the voices of the two are similar, and the subspecies crotopezus from the nominate group approach members of the phaeopygos group in both plumage and colour of bill.[7] If the two groups are split, the common name rufous-flanked thrush has been suggested for T. albicollis, with T. phaeopygos retaining the common name white-necked thrush or being renamed grey-flanked thrush.[2][7]
Footnotes
BirdLife International (2016). "Turdus albicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22708942A94185907. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708942A94185907.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Collar (2005)
Restall et al. (2006)
Hilty (2003)
Biagolini-Jr, Carlos; Costa, Mariellen C.; Perrella, Daniel F.; Zima, Paulo V. Q.; Ribeiro-Silva, Lais; Francisco, Mercival R.; Biagolini-Jr, Carlos; Costa, Mariellen C.; Perrella, Daniel F. (2016). "Extra-pair paternity in a Neotropical rainforest songbird, the White-necked Thrush Turdus albicollis (Aves: Turdidae)". Zoologia (Curitiba). 33 (4). doi:10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20160068. ISSN 1984-4670.
Remsen et al. (2008)
Ridgely & Greenfield (1989)
References
Clement, Peter & Hathaway, Ren (2000): Thrushes. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-3940-7
Collar, N. J. (2005). White-throated Thrush (Turdus albicollis). Pp. 663 in: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; & Christie, D. A. eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicion, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
Greeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A. & White, Richard (2004): Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 124 (1): 28–37. PDF fulltext
Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
Remsen, J. V., Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; & Zimmer, K. J. (2008). A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 2008-08-07
Restall, Robin L.; Rodner, C. & Lentino, M. (2006): Birds of Northern South America. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-7243-9 (vol. 1). ISBN 0-7136-7242-0 (vol. 2).
Ridgely, R. S.; & Tudor, G. (1989): The Birds of South America - The Oscine Passerines (vol. 1). Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-857217-4
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