Arini

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes

Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Arinae
Tribus: Arini
Genera: Anodorhynchus – Ara – Aratinga – Bolborhynchus – Brotogeris – Cyanoliseus – Cyanopsitta – Deroptyus – Diopsittaca – Enicognathus – Eupsittula – Forpus – Guaruba – Hapalopsittaca – Leptosittaca – Myiopsitta – Nannopsittaca – Ognorhynchus – Orthopsittaca – Pionites – Primolius – Propyrrhura – Psilopsiagon – Psittacara – Pyrrhura – Rhynchopsitta – Thectocercus – Touit

Genera extincta: †Conuropsis
Name

Arini G.R. Gray, 1840

Typus: Ara Lacépède, 1799

References
Primary references

Gray, G.R. 1840. A list of the genera of birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus, compiled from various sources. 80 pp. Richard and John Taylor (London). p. 51 as Arainae BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.13777 Reference page.

Additional references

Joseph, L., Toon, A., Schirtzinger, E.E., Wright, T.F. & Schodde, R. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205: 26–40 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Schodde, R., Remsen Jr., J.V., Schirtzinger, E.E., Joseph, L. & Wright, T.F. 2013. Higher classification of New World parrots (Psittaciformes; Arinae), with diagnoses of tribes. Zootaxa 3691(5): 591–596. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.5.5 Full article (PDF) Reference page.

The Arini tribe of the neotropical parrots is a monophyletic clade of macaws and parakeets (commonly called conures in aviculture) characterized by colorful plumage and long, tapering tails. They occur throughout Mexico, Central America, and South America, and formerly the Caribbean and North America. One genus and several species are extinct; another genus is extinct in the wild. Two species are known only through subfossil remains. About a dozen hypothetical extinct species (see Extinct Caribbean macaws) have been described, native to the Caribbean area.[1][2] Among the Arini are some of the rarest birds in the world, such as Spix's macaw, which is extinct in the wild – fewer than 100 specimens survive in captivity. It also contains the largest flighted parrot in the world, the hyacinth macaw. Some species, such as the blue-and-yellow macaw and sun conure are popular pet parrots.

Molecular studies have dated the divergence of the Arini tribe from the ancestral neotropical parrots to late in the Paleogene period about 30–35 million years ago.
Taxonomy

The Arini are one of three recognized clades in subfamily Arinae of neotropical parrots in the family Psittacidae of Afrotropical and neotropical parrots, one of three families of true parrots.

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Anodorhynchus Spix, 1824	Hyacinth macaw, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari Glaucous macaw, Anodorhynchus glaucus (possibly extinct)
	Cyanopsitta Bonaparte, 1854	Spix's macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii (extinct in the wild)
	Ara Lacépède, 1799	Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna Blue-throated macaw, Ara glaucogularis Military macaw, Ara militaris Great green macaw, Ara ambiguus Scarlet macaw, Ara macao Red-and-green (green-winged) macaw, Ara chloroptera Cuban red macaw, Ara tricolor (extinct) Red-fronted macaw, Ara rubrogenys Chestnut-fronted macaw, Ara severa Saint Croix macaw, Ara autocthones (extinct)
	Orthopsittaca Ridgway, 1912	Red-bellied macaw, Orthopsittaca manilatus
	Primolius Bonaparte, 1857	Blue-headed macaw, Primolius couloni Blue-winged macaw, Primolius maracana Golden-collared macaw, Primolius auricollis
	Diopsittaca Ridgway, 1912	Red-shouldered macaw, Diopsittaca nobilis
	Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, 1854	Thick-billed parrot, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Maroon-fronted parrot, Rhynchopsitta terrisi Rhynchopsitta phillipsi (extinct)
	Ognorhynchus Bonaparte, 1857	Yellow-eared parrot, Ognorhynchus icterotis
	Guaruba Lesson, 1830	Golden parakeet, Guaruba guarouba
	Leptosittaca Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894	Golden-plumed parakeet, Leptosittaca branickii
	Conuropsis† Salvadori, 1891	Carolina parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (extinct) Conuropsis fratercula (extinct, proposed genus Conuropsis contested, known from subfossil remains)
	Psittacara Vigors, 1825	Green parakeet, Psittacara holochlorus Pacific parakeet, Psittacara strenuus Socorro parakeet, Psittacara brevipes Red-throated parakeet, Psittacara rubritorquis Scarlet-fronted parakeet, Psittacara wagleri Cordilleran parakeet, Psittacara frontatus Mitred parakeet, Psittacara mitratus Red-masked parakeet, Psittacara erythrogenys Finsch's parakeet, Psittacara finschi White-eyed parakeet, Psittacara leucophthalmus Cuban parakeet, Psittacara euops Hispaniolan parakeet, Psittacara chloroptera Puerto Rican parakeet, Psittacara maugei (extinct)
	Aratinga Spix, 1824	Sun parakeet, Aratinga solstitialis Sulphur-breasted parakeet, Aratinga maculata Jandaya parakeet, Aratinga jandaya Golden-capped parakeet, Aratinga auricapilla Nanday parakeet, Aratinga nenday Dusky-headed parakeet, Aratinga weddellii
	Eupsittula Bonaparte, 1853	Brown-throated parakeet, Eupsittula pertinax Olive-throated parakeet, Eupsittula nana Orange-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula canicularis Peach-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula aurea Cactus (Caatinga) parakeet, Eupsittula cactorum
	Thectocercus Vieillot, 1818	Blue-crowned parakeet, Thectocercus acuticaudatus
	Cyanoliseus Bonaparte, 1854	Burrowing parakeet, Cyanoliseus patagonus
	Pyrrhura Bonaparte, 1856	Ochre-marked parakeet, Pyrrhura cruentata Maroon-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura frontalis Blaze-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura devillei Crimson-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura perlata Pearly parakeet, Pyrrhura lepida Green-cheeked parakeet, Pyrrhura molinae Painted parakeet, Pyrrhura picta Sinú parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) subandina (possibly extinct) Todd's (Perijá) parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) caeruleiceps Azuero parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) eisenmanni Venezuelan parakeet, Pyrrhura emma Santarém parakeet, Pyrrhura amazonum Madeira parakeet, Pyrrhura (amazonum) snethlageae Bonaparte's parakeet, Pyrrhura lucianii Rose-fronted parakeet or red-crowned parakeet, Pyrrhura roseifrons Wavy-breasted parakeet, Pyrrhura (roseifrons) peruviana White-eared (maroon-faced) parakeet, Pyrrhura leucotis Grey-breasted parakeet, Pyrrhura griseipectus Pfrimer's parakeet, Pyrrhura pfrimeri Fiery-shouldered parakeet, Pyrrhura egregia Santa Marta parakeet, Pyrrhura viridicata Maroon-tailed parakeet, Pyrrhura melanura El Oro parakeet, Pyrrhura orcesi Black-capped (rock) parakeet, Pyrrhura rupicola White-necked parakeet, Pyrrhura albipectus Flame-winged (brown-breasted) parakeet, Pyrrhura calliptera Blood-eared parakeet, Pyrrhura hoematotis Rose-headed (rose-crowned) parakeet, Pyrrhura rhodocephala Sulphur-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura hoffmanni
	Enicognathus G.R. Gray, 1840	Austral parakeet, Enicognathus ferrugineus Slender-billed parakeet, Enicognathus leptorhynchus