Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Arinae
Tribus: Arini
Genus: Pionites
Species: P. leucogaster – P. melanocephalus
Name
Pionites Heine, 1890
Typus: Psittacus melanocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 = Pionites melanocephalus
References
Nomen.Mus.Heine.Orn. p. 231. In: Heine, F. Sr. & Reichenow,
Caique (/kaɪˈiːk/ or /kɑːˈiːk/[3]) refers to a group of four species of parrots in the genus Pionites endemic to the Amazon Basin in South America.
Name
The term "caique" is primarily used in aviculture, with ornithologists typically referring to them as the "black-headed parrot" and "white-bellied parrot" (which is sometimes further split into three separate species - green-thighed parrot, yellow-tailed parrot and black-legged parrot) to describe the nominal species. They have historically been called the “seven-colored parrot”. They are relatively small and stocky, with a short, square tail and bright colors; this may be why they are referred to as “caique” based on the term for a similarly described Turkish vessel. They exhibit high social intelligence.
Description
The two primary nominal species are best distinguished by the black-headed caique's black crown; both have white “bellies”. Their typical weight is 150–170 grams, with the white-bellied species being the larger and heavier of the two nominal species. They can live up to 40 years, but this is not common in captivity.
Distribution and habitat
The black-headed caique is found north of the Amazon River, and the white-bellied caique south; there is a large area of overlap between ranges. They can produce fertile hybrids, but this is not common in the wild as it is in captivity. They generally prefer forested areas and subsist on fruit and seeds. Caiques are generally canopy dwellers, spending most of their time in the tops of trees, foraging and playing.
Taxonomy and systematics
Originally Pionites were classified as two species, the black-headed parrot and white-bellied parrot. However, recent morphological work has indicated that the white-bellied parrot should be split into three species based on plumage and leg coloration.[1] In the past these parrots were often allied with the conures or other South American parakeets. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear DNA work has found Pionites to be the sister taxon to the Deroptyus (the genus that contains the red-fan parrot); the two genera occupy a basal position in the tribe Arini.[4]
| Pionites | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Common name (Binomial name) Status |
Image | Description | Region and habitat |
| Green-thighed parrot (Pionites leucogaster) |
 |
About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Mostly green and pink feet; apricot-orange cap; a medium, stout parrot. | Amazon region of Brazil Lives in lowland humid tropical and seasonally flooded forest.[6] |
| Yellow-tailed parrot (Pionites xanthurus) |
 |
About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Similar to the black-legged parrot, but yellow tail and pink feet. | Amazon region of southern Brazil Lives in lowland humid tropical and seasonally flooded forest.[8] |
| Black-legged parrot (Pionites xanthomerius) |
 |
About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Similar to the green-thighed subspecies of white-bellied parrot, but yellow-thighs and blackish feet. | Parts of Bolivia, Peru and Brazil Prefers seasonally flooded forest.[10] |
| Black-headed parrot (Pionites melanocephalus) |
 |
About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Mostly green, with yellow thighs with hints of orange; blackish feet; black cap with a black bill; a medium, chunky parrot.[12] | Parts of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Peru, and Brazil Lives in lowland humid tropical and seasonally flooded forest.[13] |
Natural history
Behavior and ecology
These parrots are found in the edges of forests and secondary-growth forests.[14] They usually forage on at higher levels in the canopy, although can also be found lower at forest edges. At least two members of the flock act as sentries during feeding time. Their diet consists of flowers, fruit, pulp, and seeds, although in captivity they are known to eat insects. Depending on the species and the location, they can breed from October to May at various times of the year. Caiques are high-nesting cavity birds and roost communally. They exhibit pack-like behavior when defending against threats.[citation needed] This may help to explain their relative self-confidence, compared to other parrots.[speculation?] Caiques are also known to form ad-hoc defensive committees in response to predators. The number of the flock is usually around 10 to 30 individuals.[15] White-bellied caiques in the Tambopata National Reserve have been observed to be geophagous.[16]
The species of the white-bellied parrot complex is found in humid forest and wooded habitats in the Amazon south of the Amazon River in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. It is generally fairly common throughout its range and is easily seen in a wide range of protected areas, such as the Manú National Park and Tambopata-Candamo in Peru, Cristalino State Park (near Alta Floresta), Xingu National Park and Amazônia National Park in Brazil, and Madidi National Park in Bolivia.
The black-headed parrot is found in forest (especially, but not exclusively, humid) and nearby wooded habitats in the Amazon north of the Amazon River and west of the Ucayali River in Brazil, northern Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It is generally fairly common and occurs in many protected areas throughout its range.
Caiques have a few unique ways of moving. They “surf” (described below), “hop” (when excited or to move quickly without flying), and “shuffle” (often in a rapid, backwards direction). They flip their wings rapidly, which exposes their red/orange patch under the wing, to potentially communicate to one another or other animals. They make different types of “purring” noises; some express wariness, others interest. They purr quietly when enjoying a drink. A startle call causes all caiques in the vicinity to take flight in random directions regardless of the initiator. A sound resembling a dead battery on a smoke detector is the typical contact call for the Black-headed Parrot.
When highly stimulated, caiques pin and flash their pupils, making their emotional state obvious. They are likely to attack and bite when displaying pinning and/or flashing eyes. Caiques are highly vocal and can inflict severely damaging bites. Caiques' wing feathers produce a distinctive whirring sound in flight.
Aviculture
Juvenile white-bellied caique on back playing
Caiques are growing in popularity in aviculture. The more commonly found species is the black-headed caique since it was introduced first in captivity, but the white-bellied caique's popularity is growing rapidly. Well-raised caiques bond well with humans and have a reputation as playful and energetic birds that enjoy playing with toys and lying on their backs. These birds sometimes perform a behavior unusual for avian species in which they roll over on their backs in apparent play-fighting with other caiques—sometimes called "wrestling".[17][18][19] They are not particularly good flyers, becoming tired and winded after only a short distance. They also tend to be clumsy and slow in the air compared to other birds. They often prefer to walk, jump, climb, ride other animals' backs, or hop as a mode of transportation. They are excellent climbers, with very strong feet and legs.
Caiques also exhibit a unique behavior known as "surfing", where the bird will vigorously rub its face, wings and chest against any nearby soft item (e.g. carpets, towels, cushions, crumpled paper, curtains or human hair) while using its beak to pull itself along. The bird will display jerky movements and may roll over several times. This behavior is thought to be a cleaning or bathing motion and occurs regardless of age or sex. In the wild, caiques use wet leaves for this behavior.[20]
In captivity caiques are capable of breeding at under three years of age.[21] They typically lay a clutch of four eggs, with incubation taking between 24 and 27 days. Most pairs will struggle to raise all four chicks; often the last chick to hatch will not survive unless it is taken for hand-rearing or co-parenting. Chicks are fed by both parents and remain in the nest box for approximately 70–75 days. Parents can be very affectionate towards their offspring and after the chicks have fledged they will return to the nest box each night with their parents where the family will roost as a group.
Conservation
The nominal species of black-headed caique and white-bellied caique are listed on Appendix 2 of CITES as a species of Least Concern but subspecies are more endangered; in reality, data is insufficient as with many parrots.
References
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G. M. (2014). Black-legged Parrot (Pionites xanthomerius). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/467506 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 24 October 2015)
"Psittacidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
Tavares, Erika Sendra, et al. "Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences". Systematic Biology 55.3 (2006): 454–470.
BirdLife International (2022). "Pionites leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T62181308A209668837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181308A209668837.en. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
Collar, N., Kirwan, G. M. & Boesman, P. (2014). Green-thighed Parrot (Pionites leucogaster). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/54710 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 3 January 2015).
BirdLife International (2022). "Pionites xanthurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T62181371A210186590. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181371A210186590.en. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G. M. (2014). Yellow-tailed Parrot (Pionites xanthurus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/467507 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 3 January 2015).
BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pionites xanthomerius. Downloaded from "BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2012-12-10. on 03/01/2015.
BirdLife International (2016). "Pionites xanthomerius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T62181349A95192110. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62181349A95192110.en. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
BirdLife International (2016). "Pionites melanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686079A93098194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686079A93098194.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Collar, N. & Boesman, P. (2013). Black-headed Parrot (Pionites melanocephalus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2013). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/54709 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 3 January 2015).
BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pionites melanocephalus. Downloaded from "BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
Forshaw, J. M. 1973. Parrots of the World. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 481–483.
Juniper, T., and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots. A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CN pp. 503–505.
Gilardi Dissertation, 1996
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Mango Kiwi Caique: Funny Play. YouTube.
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Caiques wrestling. YouTube.
Jojo and Abu Caiques wrestle: Abu does somersault & Jojo headbutts. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
Blanchard, Sally. "The Bird That Would Be King: The Black-headed Caique". Companion Parrots Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
"clownparrots.com". Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
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