Arctiinae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Cladus: Macroheterocera
Superfamilia: Noctuoidea

Familia: Erebidae
Subfamilia: Arctiinae
Tribus (4): Amerilini – Arctiini – Lithosiini – Syntomini
Source(s) of checklist:
Overview of genera not assigned to a tribe

Abnormipterus – Abrochia – Aclytia – Aethria – Agoraea – Agunaix – Agyrtidia – Agyrtiola – Alandria – Amphicallia – Anaphlebia – Androcharta – Aphra – Apocerea – Argyroeides – Atucia – Atyphopsis – Autochloris – Axiopoeniella – Balaca – Baroa – Belemnia – Belemniastis – Bodosa – Bombopsyche – Burtia – Cacostatia – Callarctia – Callitomis – Callopepla – Calonotos – Caribarctia – Caridarctia – Carpostalagma – Caryatis – Cercocladia – Chrysocale – Clystea – Correbia – Correbidia – Curoba – Cyanopepla – Dasysphinx – Diaxanthia – Diospage – Diptilon – Dixophlebia – Dubianaclia – Dycladia – Enope – Epanycles – Epectaptera – Epidesma – Euagra – Euceriodes – Euchlorostola – Euclera – Eumenogaster – Eunomia – Euplesia – Eupyra – Eurata – Eutomis – Fletcherinia – Galtarodes – Gangamela – Gastrochrysia – Grammarctia – Heliozona – Herea – Holophaea – Homoneuronia – Hoppiana – Horamella – Hyaleucerea – Hyalomis – Hyda – Hydrusa – Hypatia – Hyperphara – Hypocladia – Icambosida – Ichoria – Ilemodes – Isia – Ixylasia – Laelapia – Lepidoneiva – Leptoceryx – Leptosoma – Leucopardus – Leucopleura – Leucotmemis – Loxomima – Loxozona – Maculonaclia – Mannina – Marecidia – Melanonaclia – Melora – Mesocerea – Metacrocea – Metaloba – Metamya – Metastatia – Methysia – Mevania – Micragrella – Micragyrta – Microgiton – Micronaclia – Microstola – Midara – Mimagyrta – Mydromera – Myopsyche – Mystrocneme – Nannoceryx – Neeressa – Neotrichura – Neritonaclia – Niasana – Nyridela – Omochroa – Orcynia – Oreoceryx – Osmocneme – Panachranta – Paraceryx – Paradinia – Paraethria – Paralaethia – Paramevania – Paramyopsyche – Parastatia – Paratype – Patreliura – Pezaptera – Phaenarete – Phaeosphecia – Phaio – Pheia – Philoros – Phoeniostacta – Pleurosoma – Poecilosoma – Pompiliodes – Pompilopsis – Praemastus – Procalypta – Procanthia – Proctocopis – Proschaliphora – Prosopidia – Prytania – Pseudaclytia – Pseudaethria – Pseudamastus – Pseudoceryx – Pseudohyaleucerea – Pseudonaclia – Pseudophaio – Pseudopompilia – Pseudosphecosoma – Pseudosphenoptera – Psichotoe – Rhynchopyga – Romualdisca – Sarosa – Saurita – Sauritinia – Scelilasia – Scena – Schasiura – Sciopsyche – Secusio – Sesiura – Soganaclia – Sphecomimax – Sphecops – Stenarctia – Stictonaclia – Symphlebomis – Syntrichura – Tamsita – Tenuinaclia – Tessellarctia – Teucer – Theages – Thumathoides – Thylacoptera – Thyrogonia – Thyrosticta – Tigridania – Timalus – Toulgoetinaclia – Trichaeta – Tritonaclia – Tsarafidynia – Tsirananaclia – Uraga – Uranophora – Urolosia – Vadonaclia – Vitronaclia – Vulsinia – Xantharete – Xanthomis – Xanthopleura – Zellatilla
Name

Arctiinae Leach, [1815] (as Arctides)
Synonyms

Arctiidae Leach, [1815]

References

Aistleitner, E. & K. Cerny, 2013: Faunistic notes on Arctiid moths of the Cape Verde-Islands with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae). Linzner Biologische Beiträge 45 (1) : 297–306.
Birket-Smith, J., 1965: A revision of the West African Eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep., Adrctidae, Lithosinae; incl. gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phryganopsis a.o.).: 1–161.
Cerny, K., 2011: A Review of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from the Philippines. Entomofauna 32 (1): 29–92.
Dowdy, N.J., Keating, S., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M., Conner, W.E., Chialvo, C.H.S., Weller, S.J., Simmons, R.B., Sisson, M.S. & Zaspel, J.M. 2020. A deeper meaning for shallow-level phylogenomic studies: nested anchored hybrid enrichment offers great promise for resolving the tiger moth tree of life (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Systematic Entomology 45(4): 874–893. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12433 Reference page.
Dubatolov, V.V., 1996: A list of the Arctiinae of the territory of the former U.S.S.R. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 37: 39–87.
Dubatolov, V.V., 2003: Three new genera of Chinese Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Tinea 17 (5): 255–265.
Dubatolov, V.V., 2006: On the generic status of the Afrotropical Nyctemera species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Atalanta 37 (1/2): 191–205.
Dubatolov, V.V., 2006: New genera and species of Arctiinae from the Afrotropical fauna (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo N.F. 27 (3): 139–152. [1]
Dubatolov, V.V., 2008: Analysis of Insect Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the Example of the Subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Artctiidae). 1. Genus Level. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 1 (2): 183–193.
Dubatolov, V.V., 2008: Analysis of Insect Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the Example of the Subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). 2. Species Level. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 1 (2): 194–203.
Dubatolov, V.V., 2009: Reviewing the African tiger-moth genera: 1. A new genus, two new subgenera and a species list from the expedition to Malawi by V. Kovtunovich & P. Ustjuzhanin in 2008-2009, with further taxonomic notes on South African Arctiinae. Atalanta 40 (1-2): 285–301.
Dubatolov, V.V., 2010: Tiger-moths of Eurasia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) (Nyctemerini by Rob de Vos & Vladimir V. Dubatolov). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 65: 1–106.
Dubatolov, V.V. & Volynkin, A.V. 2017. On the systematic position of the genera Paraplastis Hampson, Migoplastis Felder and Dondera Moore (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zootaxa 4358(2): 258–270. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.2.2 Reference page.

Dubatolov, V.V. & V.V. Zolotuhin, 2011: Does Eilema Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Euroasian entomological journal 10 (3): 367–379, 380, col. plate VII. PDF
Goodger, D.T.; Watson, A., 1995: The Afrotropical Tiger-Moths. An illustrated catalogue, with generic diagnosis and species distribution, of the Afrotropical Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). – Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books Aps., 55 pp.
Kôda, N., 1989: A Generic Classification of the Subfamily Arctiinae of the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions based on the Male and Female Genitalia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) Part I. Tyô to Ga 38 (3): 153–237. Abstract and full article: [2].
Lafontaine, J.D. & Fibiger, M. 2006. Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Canadian entomologist 138(5): 610–635. DOI: 10.4039/n06-012 Reference page.
Lafontaine, J.D. & Schmidt, B.C. 2010. Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. Zookeys 40: 1–239. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.40.414 Reference page.
Lafontaine, J.D. & Troubridge, J.T., 1999: Two new species of Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) from the Yukon Territory, Canada. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 96: 89–93.
Przybylowicz, L., 2003: Tipulodes annae sp.n. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from Colombia with distributional notes on the genus. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 46 (4): 365–368. Full article: [3]
Przybylowicz, L. & U. Dall'asta, 2003: Redescription of the genus Melisoides STRAND, 1912 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) with notes on its synonymy. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 46 (4): 347–353. Full article: [4]
Przybyłowicz, Ł., Lees, D.C., Zenker, M.M. & Wahlberg, N. 2019. Molecular systematics of the arctiine tribe Syntomini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae). Systematic Entomology 44(3): 624–637. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12343. Reference page.
Scott, C.H., Zaspel, J.M., Chialvo, P. & Weller, S.J. 2014. A preliminary molecular phylogenetic assessment of the lichen moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) with comments on palatability and chemical sequestration. Systematic Entomology 39(2): 286–303. DOI: 10.1111/SYEN.12047 Reference page.
Toulgouet de, H., 2000: Description of new neotropical Arctiidae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 16 (4):
Toulgouet de, H., 2001: Description of a new neotropical Arctiidae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) (67 ème note). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 17 (2):
Toulgouet de, H., 2001: A new genus and new neotropical species of Arctiidae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae) (68-th note). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 18 (2):
Bayarsaikhan, U., Na, S-M. & Bae, Y-S. 2017. Revision of the genus Kailasha (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) from Oriental region, with description of one new species. Zootaxa 4216(1): 85–93. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4216.1.6. Reference page.
Volynkin, A.V. & Černý, K. 2018. Description of the new genus Nebulene Volynkin & Černý, gen. nov., with a new species from Thailand and Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zootaxa 4394(2): 219–226. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.2.4 Reference page.
Volynkin, A.V., Dubatolov, V.V. & Kishida, Y. 2017. Barsura Volynkin, Dubatolov & Kishida, gen. nov., with descriptions of three new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zootaxa 4299(1): 54–74. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4299.1.2. Reference page.
Watson, A., 1971: An illustrated Catalog of the Neotropic Arctiinae type in the United States National Museum (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Part 1. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 50: 1–361. Full article: [5].
Witt, T.J. & Ronkay, L. (Eds.) 2011. Noctuidae Europaeae. Volume 13. Lymantriinae and Arctiinae, including phylogeny and check list of the quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Entomological Press, Sorø, 448 pp. ISBN 978-87-89430-18-8. Reference page.
Zahiri, R., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J.D. & Wahlberg, N. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40(2): 158–173. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Zahiri, R., Holloway, J.D., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. 2011 (online) 2012 (print). Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Systematic Entomology 37(1): 102–124. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x Reference page.
Zaspel, J.M., Weller, S.J., Wardwell, C.T., Zahiri, R. & Wahlberg, N. 2014. Phylogeny and Evolution of Pharmacophagy in Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). PLoS ONE 9(7): e101975. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101975 Reference page.
Zenker, M.M., Wahlberg, N., Brehm, G., Teston, J.A., Przybylowicz, L., Pie, M.R. & Freitas, A.V.L. 2017. Systematics and origin of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) in the Neotropical region. Zoologica scripta 46(3): 348–362. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12202 Reference page.

Vernacular names
עברית: דובוניים
magyar: Medvelepkék
日本語: ヒトリガ亜科

The Arctiinae (formerly called the family Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species.[1] This subfamily includes the groups commonly known as tiger moths (or tigers), which usually have bright colours, footmen, which are usually much drabber, lichen moths, and wasp moths. Many species have "hairy" caterpillars that are popularly known as woolly bears or woolly worms. The scientific name Arctiinae refers to this hairiness (Gk. αρκτος = a bear). Some species within the Arctiinae have the word "tussock"' in their common names because they have been misidentified as members of the Lymantriinae subfamily based on the characteristics of the larvae.

Taxonomy

The subfamily was previously classified as the family Arctiidae of the superfamily Noctuoidea and is a monophyletic group.[2] Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the group is most closely related to litter moths Herminiinae and the Old World Aganainae, which are subfamilies of the family Erebidae.[3] The Arctiidae as a whole have been reclassified to represent this relationship. The family was lowered to subfamily status as the Arctiinae within the Erebidae. The subfamilies and tribes of Arctiidae were lowered to tribes and subtribes, respectively, of this new Arctiinae to preserve the internal structure of the group.[4]
Changes in taxon ranks and names are due to the classification of the former Arctiidae as the current Arctiinae. Taxon rank Former classification Current classification
Superfamily Noctuoidea Noctuoidea
Family Arctiidae Erebidae
Subfamily Arctiinae, Lithosiinae, Syntominae Arctiinae
Tribe Arctiini, Ctenuchini, Eudesmiini, Lithosiini, etc. Arctiini, Lithosiini, Syntomini
Subtribe — Arctiina, Ctenuchina, Eudesmiina, Lithosiina, etc.
Genus Many genera Names and rank not changed
Species Many species Names and rank not changed
Taxa of the same background color represent the same group of species before and after its lowering of taxonomic rank, despite the change of suffixes.
Tribes (former subfamilies)

Many genera are classified into these tribes, while others remain unclassified (incertae sedis).

Arctiini
Lithosiini
Syntomini

Description

The most distinctive feature of the subfamily is a tymbal organ on the metathorax.[1] This organ has membranes that are vibrated to produce ultrasonic sounds. They also have thoracic tympanal organs for hearing, a trait with a fairly broad distribution in the Lepidoptera, but the location and structure is distinctive to the subfamily. Other distinctive traits are particular setae (hairs) on the larvae, wing venation, and a pair of glands near the ovipositor.[1] The sounds are used in mating[5] and for defense against predators.[6] Another good distinguishing character of the subfamily is presence of anal glands in females.[7]
Aposematism
See also: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration
Banded woolly bear, Pyrrharctia isabella

Many species retain distasteful or poisonous chemicals acquired from their host plants.[8] Some species also have the ability to make their own defenses.[9] Common defenses include cardiac glycosides (or cardenolides), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, pyrazines, and histamines.[8] Larvae usually acquire these chemicals, and may retain them in the adult stage, but adults can acquire them, too, by regurgitating decomposing plants containing the compounds and sucking up the fluid.[8] Adults can transfer the defenses to their eggs, and males sometimes transfer them to females to help with defense of the eggs. Larval "hairs" may be stinging in some species, due to histamines their caterpillars make.

The insects advertise these defenses with aposematic bright coloration, unusual postures, odours, or in adults, ultrasonic vibrations. Some mimic moths that are poisonous or wasps that sting.[10] The ultrasound signals help nocturnal predators to learn to avoid the moths,[11][12] and for some species can jam bat echolocation.
Behavior and lifecycle
Copulation in tiger moth

Many of the caterpillars and adults are active during the daytime, but most species of this taxon are night-flying. Moths are attracted by light, but one species, Borearctia menetriesii, never comes to the light. Basking to accelerate digestion is common in the larval stages, and social behaviour may range from solitary to gregarious. Like most Lepidoptera, larvae produce a small silk pad before each moult, in which their prolegs are engaged.

If disturbed, woolly bear caterpillars roll into a tight spiral or drop from their perch suspended by a strand of silk. Isabella tiger moths (Pyrrharctia isabella) overwinter in the caterpillar stage. They can survive freezing at moderate subzero temperatures by producing a cryoprotectant chemical.[13] The larvae of another species, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, may be found on snow seeking a place to pupate. Species in Arctic and temperate belts overwinter in the larval stage.

Some tiger moths produce ultrasonic clicks in response to the echolocation of bats to protect themselves.

Many species are polyphagous in the larval stage. Monophagous species, such as the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae), are scarce.

Although abundant, few species in this subfamily are of economic importance. Even the fall webworm, an abundant and highly polyphagous tree-feeding species that has spread from North America to Asia and Europe, does not do lasting damage to healthy hosts.
Tiger moth laying eggs
Folklore
Caterpillar on Asteraceae plant

Local folklore of the American Northeast and South hold that "woolly bears" (or "woolly worms" in the South) help humans predict the weather, similar to the groundhog. The forthcoming severity of a winter may be indicated by the amount of black on the Isabella tiger moth's caterpillar—the most familiar woolly bear in North America. More brown than black is said to mean a mild winter, while more black than brown is supposed to mean a harsh winter.[14] However, the relative width of the black band varies among instars, not according to weather.[15] The mythical qualities attributed to woolly bears in America have led to such things as the Woollybear Festival in Ohio, the Woolly Worm Festival in Beattyville, Kentucky and the Woolly Worm Festival in Banner Elk, North Carolina.
Notable species

Pale tiger moth, Halysidota tessellaris
Banded woolly bear or Isabella tiger moth, Pyrrharctia isabella
Buff ermine, Spilarctia lutea
Cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae
Common footman, Manulea lurideola
Dogbane tiger moth or delicate cycnia, Cycnia tenera
Fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea
Garden tiger moth, Arctia caja
Grote's Bertholdia, Bertholdia trigona
Giant leopard moth, Hypercompe scribonia
Hickory tiger moth, Lophocampa caryae
Jersey tiger moth, Euplagia quadripunctaria
Milkweed tiger moth, Euchaetes egle
Scarlet tiger moth, Callimorpha dominula
Maltese ruby tiger moth, Phragmatobia fuliginosa ssp. melitensis
Ornate moth, Utetheisa ornatrix
Muxta, Muxta xanthopa

See also

List of arctiine genera

References

Scoble, MJ. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Second ed. Oxford University Press.
Fibiger, Michael; Hacker, Hermann (June 29, 2005). "Systematic List of the Noctuoidea of Europe (Notodontidae, Nolidae, Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Erebidae, Micronoctuidae, and Noctuidae)". Esperlana. 11: 93–205.
Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2011). "Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)". Systematic Entomology. 37: 102–124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x. S2CID 84249695.
Lafontaine, Donald; Schmidt, Christian (19 Mar 2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". ZooKeys (40): 26. doi:10.3897/zookeys.40.414.
Simmons, RB; Conner, WE (1996). "Ultrasonic signals in the defense and courtship of Euchaetes egle Drury and E. bolteri Stretch. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 9 (6): 909–919. doi:10.1007/BF02208978. S2CID 29457006.
Fullard, JH; Simmons, JA; Sailant, PA (1994). "Jamming bat echolocation: the dogbane tiger moth Cycnia tenera times its clicks to the terminal attack calls of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus.". Journal of Experimental Biology. 194: 285–298. doi:10.1242/jeb.194.1.285. PMID 7964403.
Holloway JD. (1988). The Moths of Borneo 6: Family Arctiidae.
Weller, SJ; Jacobsen, NL; Conner, WE (1999). "The evolution of chemical defenses and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 68 (4): 557–578. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01188.x.
Ritsuo Nishida (2002). "Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera". Annual Review of Entomology. 47:57-92: 57–92. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121. PMID 11729069.
Simmons, RB; Weller, SE (2002). "What kind of signals do mimetic tiger moths send? A phylogenetic test of wasp mimicry systems (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Euchromiini)". Proc R Soc Lond B. 269 (1495): 983–990. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1970. PMC 1690985. PMID 12028753.
Dunning, DC; Roeder, KD (1965). "Moth sounds and the insect-catching behavior of bats". Science. 147 (3654): 173–174. Bibcode:1965Sci...147..173D. doi:10.1126/science.147.3654.173. PMID 14220453. S2CID 12047544.
Hristov, NI; Conner, WE (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 164–169. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..164H. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7. PMID 15772807. S2CID 18306198.
Layne, JR; Kuharsky, DK (2000). "Triggering of cryoprotectant synthesis in the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)". J Exp Zool. 286 (4): 367–371. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(20000301)286:4<367::aid-jez4>3.0.co;2-f. PMID 10684559.
"Archived copy". www.wunderground.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

Wagner, DL. (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press.

Other references

Bates, DL; Fenton, MB (1990). "Aposematism or startle? Predators learn their responses to the defenses of prey". Can J Zool. 68: 49–52. doi:10.1139/z90-009.
Dunning, DC; Krüger, M (1995). "Aposematic sounds in African moths". Biotropica. 27 (2): 227–231. doi:10.2307/2388998. JSTOR 2388998.
Dunning, DC; Acharya, L; Merriman, CB; Ferro, LD (1992). "Interactions between bats and arctiid moths". Can J Zool. 70 (11): 2218–2223. doi:10.1139/z92-298.
Fullard, JH; Fenton, MB; Simmons, JA (1979). "Jamming bat echolocation: the clicks of arctiid moths". Can J Zool. 57 (3): 647–649. doi:10.1139/z79-076.
Science Fridays: Moths Can Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar

Main species catalogs

Dubatolov, VV (2010). "Tiger-moths of Eurasia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) (Nyctemerini by Rob de Vos & Vladimir V. Dubatolov)". Neue Entomologische Nachrichten. 65: 1–106.
Edwards, ED (1996). "Arctiidae". Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. 4 (278–286): 368–370.
Ferguson, DC; Opler, PA (2006). "Checklist of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera: Insecta) of the continental United States and Canada". Zootaxa. 1299: 1–33. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1299.1.1.
Goodger DT, Watson A. (1995). The Afrotropical Tiger-Moths. An illustrated catalogue, with generic diagnosis and species distribution, of the Afrotropical Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Apollo Books Aps.: Denmark, 55 pp.
Watson, A (1971). "An illustrated Catalog of the Neotropic Arctiinae type in the United States National Museum (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Part 1". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 50 (50): 1–361. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.50.
Watson, A; Goodger, DT (1986). "Catalogue of the Neotropical Tiger-moths". Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology. 1: 1–71.

Phylogenetic analyses

Da Costa, MA; Weller, SJ (2005). "Phylogeny and classification of Callimorphini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae)". Zootaxa. 1025: 1–94. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1025.1.1.
Dubatolov VV (2006) Cladogenesis of tiger-moths of the subfamily Arctiinae: development of a cladogenetic model of the tribe Callimorphini (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) by the SYNAP method. Euroasian Entomological Journal 5(2):95–104 (in Russian).
Dubatolov VV (2008) Construction of the phylogenetic model for the genera of the tribe Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) with the SYNAP method. Entomological Review 88(7):833-837. Translated from: Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 87(3):653–658
Dubatolov VV (2009) Development of a phylogenetic model for the tribe Micrarctiini (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) by the SYNAP method. Entomological Review 89(3):306–313. Translated from: Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 88(4):438–445
Dowdy, NJ; Keating, SK; Lemmon, AR; Lemmon, EM; Conner, WE; Scott Chialvo, CH; Weller, SJ; Simmons, RB; Sisson, MS; Zaspel, JM (2020). "A deeper meaning for shallow-level phylogenomic studies: nested anchored hybrid enrichment offers great promise for resolving the tiger moth tree of life (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)". Systematic Entomology. 45 (4): 874–893. doi:10.1111/syen.12433. S2CID 218787287.
Jacobson NL, Weller SJ (2002) A cladistic study of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) by using characters of immatures and adults. Thomas Say publications in entomology. Entomological Society of America | Lanham, Maryland, 98 pp.

Distribution analyses

Dubatolov, VV (2008). "Analysis of Insect Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the Example of the Subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Artctiidae)". Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 1 (2): 183–193, 194–203. doi:10.1134/S1995425508020033. S2CID 34805999.