Erebidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Cladus: Macroheterocera
Superfamilia: Noctuoidea

Familia:Erebidae
Subfamiliae (18): Aganainae – Anobinae – Arctiinae – Boletobiinae – Calpinae – Erebinae – Eulepidotinae – Herminiinae – Hypeninae – Hypenodinae – Hypocalinae – Lymantriinae – Pangraptinae – Rivulinae – Scolecocampinae – Scoliopteryginae – Tinoliinae – Toxocampinae

Name

Erebidae Leach, [1815] 1830.

Type genus: Erebus Latreille, 1810.

Stem: Ereb-
References

Barbut, J. & Lalanne-Cassou, B. 2010. Contribution to the knowledge of Erebidae from French Guiana: description of five new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 115(4): 435–444.
Homziak, N.T., Breinholt, J.W., Branham, M.A., Storer, C.G. & Kawahara, A.Y. 2019. Anchored hybrid enrichment phylogenomics resolves the backbone of erebine moths. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 131: 99–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.038 Reference page.
Kravchenko, Fibiger, Hausmann & Mueller. 2007. The Lepidoptera of Israel, volume 1: Erebidae
Lafontaine, J.D. & Fibiger, M. 2006. Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Canadian entomologist 138(5): 610–635. DOI: 10.4039/n06-012 Reference page.
Lafontaine, J.D. & Schmidt, B.C. 2010. Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. Zookeys 40: 1–239. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.40.414 Reference page.
Pekarsky, O., Ronkay, L.A., Ronkay, G. & Varga, Z. 2019. The Witt Catalogue, Volume 10: A Taxonomic Atlas of the Eurasian and North African Noctuoidea Psaphidinae II, Erebidae II. Reference page.
Pinheiro, L. 2016. Description of three new species of Galethalea Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with comments on the genus: In: Pinto et al., Living among dragons: A festschrift in honor to Dr. Angelo B. M. Machado on occasion of his 80th birthday. Zootaxa 4078(1): 354–365. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.30. Full article (PDF)Reference page.
Pogue, M.G. 2012. The Aventiinae, Boletobiinae, Eublemminae, Pangraptinae, Phytometrinae, and Scolecocampinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A. Zootaxa 3153: 1–31. Preview (PDF)
Poole, R.W. 1989. Lepidopterorum Catalogus New Series Noctuidae Part 1. Fascicle 118: 3–500.
Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Mitter, K., Cummings, M.P., Bazinet, A.L., Hallwachs, W., Janzen, D.H. & Zwick, A. 2017. Further progress on the phylogeny of Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) using an expanded gene sample. Systematic entomology 42(1): 82–93. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12199 Reference page.
Schmidt, B.C. & Lafontaine, J.D. 2015. Contributions to the systematics of New World macro-moths VI. Zookeys 527: 1–2. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.527.6803 Full article Reference page.
Volynkin, A.V., Dubatolov, V.V. & Kishida, Y. 2017. Barsura Volynkin, Dubatolov & Kishida, gen. nov., with descriptions of three new species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zootaxa 4299(1): 54–74. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4299.1.2. Reference page.
Wang, H., Wahlberg, N., Holloway, J.D., Bergsten, J., Fan, X., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Wen, L., Wang, M. & Nylin, S. 2015. Molecular phylogeny of Lymantriinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea, Erebidae) inferred from eight gene regions. Cladistics 31(6): 579–592. DOI: 10.1111/cla.12108 Reference page.
Witt, T.J. & Ronkay, L. (Eds.) 2011. Noctuidae Europaeae. Volume 13. Lymantriinae and Arctiinae, including phylogeny and check list of the quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Entomological Press, Sorø, 448 pp. ISBN 978-87-89430-18-8. Reference page.
Zahiri, R., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J.D. & Wahlberg, N. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40(2): 158–173. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Zahiri, R., Holloway, J.D., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. 2011 (online) 2012 (print). Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Systematic Entomology 37(1): 102–124. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x Reference page.
Zaspel, J.M., Weller, S.J., Wardwell, C.T., Zahiri, R. & Wahlberg, N. 2014. Phylogeny and Evolution of Pharmacophagy in Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). PLoS ONE 9(7): e101975. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101975 Reference page.
Zenker, M.M., Wahlberg, N., Brehm, G., Teston, J.A., Przybylowicz, L., Pie, M.R. & Freitas, A.V.L. 2017. Systematics and origin of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) in the Neotropical region. Zoologica scripta 46(3): 348–362. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12202 Reference page.

Vernacular names
中文: 裳夜蛾科

The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings (Catocala); litter moths (Herminiinae); tiger, lichen, and wasp moths (Arctiinae); tussock moths (Lymantriinae), including the arctic woolly bear moth (Gynaephora groenlandica);[1] piercing moths (Calpinae and others); micronoctuoid moths (Micronoctuini); snout moths (Hypeninae); and zales, though many of these common names can also refer to moths outside the Erebidae (for example, crambid snout moths). Some of the erebid moths are called owlets.

The sizes of the adults range from among the largest of all moths (>5 in (127 mm) wingspan in the black witch) to the smallest of the macromoths (0.25 in (6 mm) wingspan in some of the Micronoctuini). The coloration of the adults spans the full range of dull, drab, and camouflaged (e.g., Zale lunifera and litter moths) to vivid, contrasting, and colorful (e.g., Aganainae and tiger moths). The moths are found on all continents except Antarctica.

Subfamilies

Aganainae
Anobinae
Arctiinae – tiger, lichen, and wasp moths
Boletobiinae
Calpinae – piercing moths
Erebinae – underwings and kin
Eulepidotinae
Herminiinae – litter moths
Hypeninae – snout moths
Hypenodinae – includes the micronoctuoids
Hypocalinae
Lymantriinae – tussock moths
Pangraptinae
Rivulinae
Scolecocampinae
Scoliopteryginae – piercing moths
Tinoliinae
Toxocampinae

Classification

Among the Noctuoidea, the Erebidae can be broadly defined by the wing characteristics of the adults with support from phylogenetic studies. The cubital forewing vein, which runs outward from the base of a wing to the outer margin, splits into two (bifid), three (trifid), or four (quadrifid) veins from the medial area to the outer margin. These split veins are named M2, M3, CuA1, and CuA2 in order toward the inner margin. A trifid forewing has either a reduced or vestigial M2 vein or the M2 vein does not connect to the cubital veins, while M2 is as thick as M3 and connects or nearly connects to M3 in a quadrifid forewing. The same splitting of the hindwing cubital vein has analogous terms bifine, trifine, and quadrifine. The Erebidae typically have quadrifid forewings and quadrifine hindwings, though the Micronoctuini are exceptional with their bifine hindwings. Among the related families, most Erebidae are quadrifid moths like the Euteliidae, Nolidae, and Noctuidae and unlike the trifid Oenosandridae and Notodontidae. And among the quadrifid moths, the Erebidae have quadrifine hindwings like the typical Nolidae and Euteliidae and unlike the typical Noctuidae.[2][3][4]

Phylogenetic studies in the present century have helped to clarify the relationships between the structurally diverse lineages within the Noctuoidea and within the Erebidae. Morphological studies had led to a classification in which the monophyletic Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Micronoctuini were treated as families, and the other erebid lineages were largely grouped within the Noctuidae. Recent studies combining genetic characteristics with the morphological ones revealed that the former Noctuidae were paraphyletic, and some of the lineages within the Noctuidae were more closely related to the Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Micronoctuini families than to the other lineages within the Noctuidae.

The determination of these phylogenetic relationships has led to the present classification scheme in which several clades were rearranged while kept mostly intact and others were split apart. The Erebidae are one monophyletic family among six in the Noctuoidea. A more strictly defined family Noctuidae is also monophyletic, but the family lacks the quadrifine moths now placed as part of the Erebidae. Some subfamilies of the Noctuidae, such as the Herminiinae, were moved as a whole to Erebidae. Other subfamilies, including the Acontiinae and Calpinae, were each split apart. The Arctiinae became an erebid subfamily placed next to the closely related Herminiinae. The Lymantriinae became another erebid subfamily placed near the Pangraptinae. The rank of the Micronoctuini was changed from family to tribe to include the clade as a lineage within the Hypenodinae. The Erebidae are currently divided into 18 subfamilies, some of which are strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis and may persist through further study, while others are weakly supported and may be redefined again.
References

Kukal, Olga; Dawson, Todd E. (1989-06-01). "Temperature and food quality influences feeding behavior, assimilation efficiency and growth rate of arctic woolly-bear caterpillars". Oecologia. 79 (4): 526–532. doi:10.1007/BF00378671. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28313488.
Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)". Systematic Entomology. 37: 102–124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.
Lafontaine, Donald; Schmidt, Christian (19 Mar 2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". ZooKeys (40): 1–239. doi:10.3897/zookeys.40.414.
Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2013). "Relationships among the basal lineages of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) based on eight gene regions". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (5): 488–507. doi:10.1111/zsc.12022.