Rutaceae sp. Fossil, Photo: Michael Lahanas
Classification System: APG IV
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Sapindales
Familia: Rutaceae
Subfamiliae: Amyridoideae – Aurantioideae – Cneoroideae – Rutoideae
Genera
Acmadenia – Acradenia – Acronychia – Adenandra – Adiscanthus – Aegle – Aeglopsis – Afraegle – Agathosma – Almeidea – Amyris – Angostura – Apocaulon – Araliopsis – Asterolasia – Atalantia – Balfourodendron – Balsomocitrus – Bergera – Boenninghausenia – Boninia – Boronia – Bosistoa – Bouchardatia – Bouzetia – Brombya – Burkillanthus – Calodendrum – Casimiroa – Choisya – Chorilaena – Citropsis – Citrus – Clausena – Clymenia – Cneoridium – Coleonema – Comptonella – Correa – Crowea – Cusparia – Cyanothamnus – Decagonocarpus – Decatropis – Decazyx – Dendrosma – Desmotes – Dictamnus – Dictyoloma – Dinosperma – Diosma – Diphasia – Diphasiopsis – Diplolaena – Drummondita – Dryades – Dutaillyea – Empleuridium – Empleurum – Eremocitrus – Eriostemon – Ertela – Erythrochiton – Esenbeckia – Euchaetis – Euodia – Euxylophora – Evodiella – Fagaropsis – Feroniella – Fortunella – Galipea – Geijera – Geleznowia – Glycosmis – Halfordia – Haplophyllum – Helietta – Hortia – Ivodea – Kodalyodendron – Leionema – Leptothyrsa – Limnocitrus – Limonia – Lubaria – Lunasia – Luvunga – Maclurodendron – Macrostylis – Medicosma – Megastigma – Melicope – Merope – Merrillia – Metrodorea – Microcitrus – Microcybe – Micromelum – Monanthocitrus – Monnieria – Muiriantha – Murraya – Myrtopsis – Naringi – Naudinia – Nematolepis – Neobyrnesia – Neoraputia – Neoschmidia – Nycticalanthus – Oricia – Oriciopsis – Orixa – Oxanthera – Pamburus – Paramignya – Peltostigma – Pentaceras – Perryodendron – Phebalium – Phellodendron – Philotheca – Phyllosma – Pilocarpus – Pitavia – Platydesma – Pleiospermium – Plethadenia – Polyaster – Poncirus – Psilopeganum – Ptaeroxylon – Ptelea – Raputia – Raputiarana – Rauia – Ravenia – Raveniopsis – Rhadinothamnus – Ruta – Rutaneblina – Sarcomelicope – Sargentia – Severinia – Sheilanthera – Sigmatanthus – Skimmia – Spathelia – Spiranthera – Stauranthus – Swinglea – Teclea – Tetractomia – Tetradium – Thamnosma – Ticorea – Toddalia – Toddaliopsis – Tractocopevodia – Triphasia – Vepris – Wenzelia – Zanthoxylum – Zieria
Name
Rutaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. 296. (1789)
Type genus: Ruta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 383. (1753)
Synonyms
Pilocarpaceae J. Agardh, (1858) vide Pilocarpaceae Zahlbruckner, (1905)
Ptaeroxylaceae J.-F. Leroy (1962)
Note: The infrafamilial classification has not completely settled, however, the four subfamilies used here is the latest (Morton & Telmer, 2014 & Stevens, 2020), as opposed to a two subfamily and tribal classification (Gruppo et al. 2012) and has reasonable acceptance. Tribes and subtribes are largely still clades as opposed to formal taxon (Duretto et al. 2020) and perhaps should be avoided for now.
References
Primary references
Jussieu, A.L. de 1789. Genera plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. 498 pp. Paris: Herissant et Theophile Barrois. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Chase, M.W., Morton, C.M. & Kallunki, J.A. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation. American Journal of Botany 86(8): 1191–1199. DOI: 10.2307/2656983Open access PMID: 10449399 Reference page.
Duretto, M.F., Heslewood, M.M. & Bayly, M.J. 2020. Boronia (Rutaceae) is polyphyletic: Reinstating Cyanothamnus and the problems associated with inappropriately defined outgroups. Taxon 69(3): 481-499. DOI: 10.1002/tax.12242 ResearchGate Reference page.
Groppo, M., Pirani, J.R., Salatino, M.L., Blanco, S.R. & Kallunki, J.A. 2008. Phylogeny of Rutaceae based on twononcoding regions from cpDNA. American Journal of Botany 95(8): 985-1005. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.2007313 Open access Reference page.
Groppo, M., Kallunki, J.A., Pirani, J.R. & Antonelli, A. 2012. Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family. PhytoKeys (19): 9-29. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 Open access Reference page.
Morton, C.M. & Telmer, C. 2014. New subfamily classification for the Rutaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99(4): 620–641. DOI: 10.3417/2010034 Paywall ResearchGate Reference page.
Links
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Rutaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Nov. 25. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Rutaceae. Published online. Accessed: Nov. 26 2020.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2020. Rutaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 26 Nov. 2020.
Vernacular names
العربية: سذابية
asturianu: Rutácees
azərbaycanca: Sədokimilər
башҡортса: Rutaceae
беларуская: Рутавыя
български: Седефчеви
বাংলা: রুটেসি
català: Rutàcia
čeština: Routovité
dansk: Rude-familien
Deutsch: Rautengewächse
dolnoserbski: Rutowe rostliny
English: Rue and Orange family
Esperanto: Rutacoj
español: Rutáceas
eesti: Ruudilised
فارسی: سدابیان
suomi: Ruutakasvit
français: Rutacées
galego: Rutáceas
עברית: פיגמיים
हिन्दी: रूटेसी
hornjoserbsce: Rutowe rostliny
magyar: Rutafélék
հայերեն: Սատապազգիներ
日本語: ミカン科
ქართული: ტეგანისებრნი
қазақша: Рута тұқымдасы
перем коми: Рута котыр
한국어: 운향과
kurdî: Famîleya sipindan
коми: Рута котыр
lietuvių: Rūtiniai
latviešu: Rūtu dzimta
македонски: Седефчиња
മലയാളം: റൂട്ടേസീ
Nederlands: Ruitachtigen
norsk: Rutefamilien
polski: Rutowate
português: Rutáceas
русский: Рутовые
slovenčina: Rutovité
slovenščina: Rutičevke
svenska: Vinruteväxter
తెలుగు: రూటేసి
ไทย: วงศ์ส้ม
Türkçe: Turunçgiller, Sedef otugiller
українська: Рутові
Tiếng Việt: Họ Cửu lý hương
中文: 芸香科
The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue[3] or citrus family,[4] of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.
Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large[5] trees.
The most economically important genus in the family is Citrus, which includes the orange (C. × sinensis), lemon (C. × limon), grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and lime (various, mostly C. aurantifolia, the key lime). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum, Melicope, and Agathosma. About 160 genera are in the family Rutaceae.
Characteristics
Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (the type genus Ruta, Boenninghausenia and Dictamnus), frequently aromatic with glands on the leaves, sometimes with thorns. The leaves are usually opposed and compound, and without stipules. Pellucid glands, a type of oil gland, are found in the leaves responsible for the aromatic smell of the family's members; traditionally they have been the primary synapomorphic characteristic to identify the Rutaceae.
Flowers are bractless, solitary or in cyme, rarely in raceme, and mainly pollinated by insects. They are radially or (rarely) laterally symmetric, and generally hermaphroditic. They have four or five petals and sepals, sometimes three, mostly separate, eight to ten stamen (five in Skimmia, many in Citrus), usually separate or in several groups. Usually a single stigma with 2 to 5 united carpels, sometimes ovaries separate but styles combined.
The fruit of the Rutaceae are very variable: berries, drupes, hesperidia, samaras, capsules, and follicles all occur. Seed number also varies widely.
Taxonomy
The family is closely related to the Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Meliaceae, and all are usually placed into the same order, although older systems separate that order into Rutales and Sapindales. The families Flindersiaceae and Ptaeroxylaceae are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally are placed in the Rutaceae, as are the former Cneoraceae.
Subfamilies
In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies.[6] One, Rhabdodendroideae, is no longer considered to belong to the Rutaceae, being treated as the segregate family Rhabdodendraceae, containing only the genus Rhabdodendron. Two monogeneric subfamilies, Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae, are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae, along with genera Engler placed in other families. The remaining four Engler subfamilies were Aurantioideae, Rutoideae, Flindersioideae and Toddalioideae. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on the characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied.[7]
Molecular methods have shown that only Aurantioideae can be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. They have not supported the circumscriptions of Engler's three other main subfamilies.[7] In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, retaining Cneoroideae but placing all the remaining genera in a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae s.l.[2] A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer also retained Engler's Aurantioideae, but split the remaining Rutoideae s.l. into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae s.l., containing most of Engler's Rutoideae.[8] Until 2021, molecular phylogenetic methods had only sampled between 20% and 40% of the genera of Rutaceae. A 2021 study by Appelhans et al. sampled almost 90% of the genera. The two main clades recognized by Groppo et al. in 2012 were upheld, but Morton and Telmer's Rutoideae was paraphyletic and their Amyridoideae was polyphyletic and did not include the type genus. Applehans et al. divided the family into six subfamilies, shown below in the cladogram produced in their study. The large subfamily Zanthoxyloideae was shown to contain distinct clades, but the authors considered that a revised classification at the tribal level was not yet feasible at the time their paper was published.[7]
| Rutaceae |
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Notable species
See also: List of Rutaceae genera and Citrus taxonomy
Various Citrus fruits
The family is of great economic importance in warm temperate and subtropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of the genus Citrus, such as the orange, lemon, calamansi, lime, kumquat, mandarin and grapefruit.
Non-citrus fruits include the white sapote (Casimiroa edulis), orangeberry (Glycosmis pentaphylla), limeberry (Triphasia trifolia), and the bael (Aegle marmelos).
The curry tree, Murraya koenigii, is of culinary importance in the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere, as its leaves are used as a spice to flavour dishes. Spices are also made from a number of species in the genus Zanthoxylum, notably Sichuan pepper.
Other plants are grown in horticulture: Murraya and Skimmia species, for example. Ruta, Zanthoxylum and Casimiroa species are medicinals. Several plants are also used by the perfume industry, such as the Western Australian Boronia megastigma.
The genus Pilocarpus has species (P. jaborandi, and P. microphyllus from Brazil, and P. pennatifolius from Paraguay) from which the medicine pilocarpine, used to treat glaucoma, is extracted.
References
"Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
Groppo, M.; Kallunki, J.A.; Pirani, J.R. & Antonelli, A. (2012). "Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: Evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family". PhytoKeys (19): 9–29. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912. PMC 3597001. PMID 23717188.
RUTACEAE in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
"Rutaceae (Citrus family) – 245 images at PlantSystematics.org images, phylogeny, nomenclature for (Rutaceae)". plantsystematics.org.
M. F. Porteners. "Flindersia schottiana, PlantNET - NSW Flora Online, Retrieved September 3rd, 2017".
Engler, A. (1896). "Rutaceae". In Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III(4). Leipzig: Engelmann.
Appelhans, Marc S.; Bayly, Michael J.; Heslewood, Margaret M.; Groppo, Milton; Verboom, G. Anthony; Forster, Paul I.; Kallunki, Jacquelyn A. & Duretto, Marco F. (2021). "A new subfamily classification of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers". Taxon. 70 (5): 1035–1061. doi:10.1002/tax.12543.
Morton, Cynthia M. & Telmer, Cheryl (2014). "New Subfamily Classification for the Rutaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 99 (4): 620–641. doi:10.3417/2010034. S2CID 85667129.
Chase, Mark W.; Cynthia M. Morton; Jacquelyn A. Kallunki (August 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 86 (8): 1191–1199. doi:10.2307/2656983. JSTOR 2656983. PMID 10449399.
Singh, Gurjaran (2004). Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers. pp. 438–440. ISBN 1-57808-342-7.
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