Cyperus rotundus

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Cyperaceae
Subfamilia: Cyperoideae
Tribus: Cypereae
Genus: Cyperus
Species: Cyperus rotundus
Name

Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. Pl.: 45 (1753).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 6: 61 (1900).
Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(3): 147 (1932).
Heterotypic
Schoenus tuberosus Burm.f., Fl. Indica: 190 (1768).
Cyperus hexastachyos Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl.: 28 (1773).
Cyperus tuberosus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl.: 28 (1773).
Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 45 (1798).
Cyperus hydra Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 27 (1803).
Cyperus bicolor Vahl, Enum. Pl. Obs. 2: 340 (1805).
Cyperus comosus Sm. in J.Sibthorp & J.E.Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 30 (1806).
Cyperus hildra Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 7: 251 (1806).
Cyperus pallescens Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 7: 260 (1806), nom. illeg.
Cyperus radicosus Sm. in J.Sibthorp & J.E.Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 30 (1806).
Cyperus olivaris O.Targ.Tozz., Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. 13(2): 338 (1807).
Cyperus patulus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 47 (1819), nom. illeg.
Cyperus agrestis Willd. ex Spreng. & Link, Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 86 (1820).
Cyperus rubicundus Willd. ex Link, Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 87 (1820), nom. illeg.
Cyperus procerulus Nees in R.Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 82 (1834).
Cyperus retzii Nees in R.Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 82 (1834), nom. illeg.
Cyperus elongatus Sieber ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 59 (1837), nom. illeg.
Cyperus leptostachyus Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts.: 321 (1848).
Cyperus tenuifolius Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 1: 898 (1849), sphalm.
Cyperus inconspicuus Gennari, Linnaea 24: 200 (1851), nom. illeg.
Cyperus rotundus var. major Parl., Fl. Ital. 2: 37 (1852).
Cyperus laevissimus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 32 (1854).
Cyperus micreilema Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 32 (1854).
Cyperus ochreoides Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 34 (1854).
Cyperus officinalis Nees ex Godr. in J.C.M.Grenier & D.A.Godron, Fl. France 3: 359 (1855), not validly publ.
Cyperus rotundus var. hydra (Michx.) A.Gray, Manual, ed. 2: 493 (1856).
Cyperus bulbosostolonifer Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 260, 559 (1861).
Cyperus stolonifer var. pallidus Boeckeler, Linnaea 35: 490 (1868).
Cyperus arabicus Ehrenb. ex Boeckeler, Linnaea 36: 284 (1870).
Cyperus rotundus var. acutus Boeckeler, Linnaea 36: 284 (1870).
Cyperus rotundus var. elongatus Boeckeler, Linnaea 36: 285 (1870).
Cyperus rotundus var. spadiceus Boeckeler, Linnaea 36: 284 (1870).
Cyperus herbicavus Melliss, St. Helena: 343 (1875).
Cyperus oliganthus Gand., Dec. Pl. Nov. 2: 37 (1876).
Cyperus rotundus var. carinalis Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: 280 (1878).
Cyperus rotundus var. pallidus Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: 280 (1878).
Cyperus proteinolepis Boeckeler, Flora 62: 549 (1879), nom. illeg.
Cyperus longus Boeckeler, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 104 (1880), nom. illeg.
Cyperus pseudovariegatus Boeckeler, Beitr. Cyper. 2: 37 (1880).
Cyperus pallescens Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 375 (1882), nom. illeg.
Cyperus rotundus var. comosus (Sm.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 759 (1882).
Cyperus rotundus var. inconspicuus Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 759 (1882).
Cyperus rotundus var. macrostachyus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 377 (1882).
Cyperus rudioi Boeckeler, Flora 65: 12 (1882).
Cyperus rudioi var. minor Boeckeler, Flora 65: 12 (1882).
Cyperus rotundus var. amaliae C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 172 (1884).
Cyperus rotundus var. centiflorus C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 171 (1884).
Cyperus rotundus var. procerula C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 172 (1884).
Cyperus rotundus var. salsolus C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 171 (1884).
Cyperus rotundus var. tetrastachyos (Desf.) Trab. in J.A.Battandier & L.C.Trabut, Fl. Alger: 124 (1884).
Cyperus viridis Roxb. ex C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 172 (1884), not validly publ.
Cyperus badius var. inconspicuus (Nyman) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2: 317 (1890).
Cyperus purpureovariegatus Boeckeler, Beitr. Cyper. 2: 37 (1890).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. comosus (Sm.) K.Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 135 (1890).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. inconspicuus (Nyman) K.Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 135 (1890).
Cyperus rotundus var. platystachys Bojer ex C.B.Clarke in W.H.Harvey & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Cap. 7: 182 (1897).
Cyperus nubicus C.B.Clarke in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 360 (1901).
Cyperus olivaris var. brevibracteatus Le Grand, Bull. Assoc. Franç. Bot. 4: 61 (1901).
Cyperus taylorii C.B.Clarke in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 367 (1901).
Cyperus rotundus var. carinatus F.M.Bailey, Queensl. Fl. 6: 1745 (1902), orth. var.
Chlorocyperus salaamensis Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 9: 70 (1903).
Cyperus merkeri C.B.Clarke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 134 (1906).
Cyperus rotundus var. brevibracteatus (Le Grand) Husn., Cypéracées: 76 (1906).
Cyperus bifax C.B.Clarke, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Addit. Ser. 8: 13 (1908).
Cyperus disruptus C.B.Clarke, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Addit. Ser. 8: 12 (1908).
Cyperus platystachys Cherm., Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, sér. 3, 10(1): 48 (1922).
Cyperus rotundus var. pseudesculentus Kük., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 44 (1924).
Cyperus rotundus f. comosus (Sm.) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 112 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus f. contractus Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 112 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus f. depallescens Ekman & Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 112 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus var. disruptus (C.B.Clarke) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 115 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus f. inconspicuus (Nyman) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 112 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus f. latifolius Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 112 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus f. latimarginatus Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 112 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. merkeri (C.B.Clarke) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 115 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus var. nubicus (C.B.Clarke) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 115 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. retzii Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 114 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus var. taylorii (C.B.Clarke) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 114 (1935).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. tuberosus (Rottb.) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 113 (1935).
Cyperus weinlandii Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 131 (1935).
Cyperus yoshinagae Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 332 (1937).
Cyperus rotundus var. quimoyensis L.K.Dai, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 231 (1961).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. brevibracteatus (Le Grand) M.Laínz, Aport. Conoc. Fl. Gallega 7: 34 (1971).
Cyperus rotundus subsp. divaricatus Lye, Nordic J. Bot. 16: 367 (1996).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Trop. & Subtrop. Old World
Afghanistan; Albania; Aldabra; Algeria; Andaman Is.; Angola; Assam; Austria; Azores; Baleares; Bangladesh; Belize; Benin; Borneo; Botswana; Bulgaria; Burkina; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canary Is.; Cape Provinces; Cape Verde; Caprivi Strip; Pac; Chad; Chagos Archipelago; Chile Central; China North-Central; China South-Central; China Southeast; Christmas I.; Comoros; Congo; Cook Is.; Corse; Cyprus; Czechoslovakia; Djibouti; East Aegean Is.; East Himalaya; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Fiji; France; Free State; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Great Britain; Greece; Guinea; Gulf States; Gulf of Guinea Is.; Guyana; Hainan; Haiti; Hawaii; India; Iran; Iraq; Italy; Ivory Coast; Japan; Jawa; Kazakhstan; Kazan-retto; Kenya; Kermadec Is.; Kirgizstan; Korea; Kriti; KwaZulu-Natal; Lebanon-Syria; Leeward Is.; Lesotho; Lesser Sunda Is.; Libya; Line Is.; Madagascar; Madeira; Malawi; Malaya; Maldives; Mali; Maluku; Manchuria; Marianas; Marshall Is.; Mauritania; Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Mozambique Channel I; Myanmar; Namibia; Nansei-shoto; Nauru; Nepal; New Caledonia; New South Wales; Nicobar Is.; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Norfolk Is.; North Caucasus; Ogasawara-shoto; Oman; Pakistan; Palestine; Philippines; Phoenix Is.; Portugal; Queensland; Rodrigues; Romania; Reunion; Rwanda; Sardegna; Saudi Arabia; Selvagens; Senegal; Seychelles; Sicilia; Sierra Leone; Sinai; Society Is.; Socotra; Somalia; South Australia; South China Sea; Spain; Sri Lanka; St.Helena; Sudan; Sulawesi; Sumatera; Suriname; Swaziland; Switzerland; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; Tibet; Togo; Tokelau-Manihiki; Tonga; Transcaucasus; Tuamotu; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkey-in-Europe; Turkmenistan; Turks-Caicos Is.; Uganda; Uzbekistan; Vietnam; West Himalaya; Western Australia; Western Sahara; Yemen; Yugoslavia; Zambia; Zaire; Zimbabwe

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Tomus I. Pp. [I–XII], 1–560. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. BHL Reference page. : 45.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Cyperus rotundus in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Feb 10. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Cyperus rotundus. Published online. Accessed: Feb 10 2020.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Cyperus rotundus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Feb 10. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2020. Cyperus rotundus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Feb 10.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Cyperus rotundus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Rooiuintjie
français: Herbe à oignon
русский: Сыть круглая
தமிழ்: கோரை
lea faka-Tonga: Pakopako

Cyperus rotundus (coco-grass, Java grass, nut grass, purple nut sedge[2] or purple nutsedge,[3] red nut sedge, Khmer kravanh chruk[4]) is a species of sedge (Cyperaceae) native to Africa, southern and central Europe (north to France and Austria), and southern Asia. The word cyperus derives from the Greek κύπερος, kyperos,[5] and rotundus is from Latin, meaning "round".[6] The earliest attested form of the word cyperus is the Mycenaean Greek ���, ku-pa-ro, written in Linear B syllabic script.[7]

Description

Cyperus rotundus is a perennial plant, that may reach a height of up to 140 cm (55 in). The names "nut grass" and "nut sedge" – shared with the related species Cyperus esculentus – are derived from its tubers, that somewhat resemble nuts, although botanically they have nothing to do with nuts.

As in other Cyperaceae, the leaves sprout in ranks of three from the base of the plant, around 5–20 cm (2–8 in) long. The flower stems have a triangular cross-section. The flower is bisexual and has three stamina and a three-stigma pistil, with the inflorescence having three to eight unequal spikes. The fruit is a three-angled achene.

Young plants initially form white, fleshy rhizomes, up to 25 mm (1.0 in) in dimension, in chains. Some rhizomes grow upward in the soil, then form a bulb-like structure from which new shoots and roots grow, and from the new roots, new rhizomes grow. Other rhizomes grow horizontally or downward, and form dark reddish-brown tubers or chains of tubers.
History
Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus, herbarium specimen isotype, 1839

C. rotundus was part of a set of starchy tuberous sedges that may have been eaten by Pliocene hominins.[8] Biomarkers and microscopic evidence of C. rotundus are present in human dental calculus found at the Al Khiday archaeological complex in central Sudan dating from before 6700 BC to the Meroitic pre-Islamic Kingdom of 300–400 AD. It is suggested that C. rotundus consumption may have contributed to the relatively low frequency of dental caries among the Meroitic population of Al Khiday because of its ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans.[8]

C. rotundus was employed in ancient Egypt, Mycenean Greece, and elsewhere as an aromatic and to purify water. It was used by ancient Greek physicians Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides as both medicine and perfume.[8]
Ecology

It prefers dry conditions, but will tolerate moist soils, and often grows in wastelands and in crop fields.[4]

The tubers are an important nutritional source of minerals and trace elements for migrating cranes.[9]
Uses
Cyperus rotundus inflorescence, Kerala
Flower stem showing triangular cross-section

C. rotundus has many beneficial uses. It is a staple carbohydrate in tropical regions for modern hunter-gatherers and is a famine food in some agrarian cultures.[10]
Folk medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine, C. rotundus is considered the primary qi-regulating herb.

The plant is mentioned in the ancient Indian ayurvedic medicine Charaka Samhita (circa 100 AD). Modern ayurvedic medicine uses the plant, known as musta or musta moola churna,[11][12] for fevers, digestive system disorders, dysmenorrhea, and other maladies.

Ayurvedic physicians use the plant for medicinal purposes in treating fevers, digestive system disorders, dysmenorrhea and other maladies. Modern alternative medicine recommends using the plant to treat nausea, fever and inflammation; for pain reduction; for muscle relaxation and for many other disorders.[13]

Arabs of the Levant traditionally use roasted tubers, while they are still hot, or hot ashes from burned tubers, for wounds, bruises, and carbuncles. Western and Islamic herbalists including Dioscorides, Galen, Serapion, Paulus Aegineta, Avicenna, Rhazes, and Charles Alston have described its use as a stomachic, emmenagogue, and deobstruent, and in emollient plasters.[14][15]

The antibacterial properties of the tubers may have helped prevent tooth decay in people who lived in Sudan 2000 years ago. Less than 1% of that local population's teeth had cavities, abscesses, or other signs of tooth decay, though those people were probably farmers (early farmers' teeth typically had more tooth decay than those of hunter-gatherers because the high grain content in their diet created a hospitable environment for bacteria that flourish in the human mouth, excreting acids that eat away at the teeth).[16][17]
Modern uses and studies

Several chemical substances have been identified in C. rotundus: cadalene, cyprotene, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, mustakone, isocyperol, acyperone, rotundene, valecine,[18] kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, patchoulenone, isopatchoulenone, sugeonyl acetate, cellulose triacetate and sugebiol.[19] A sesquiterpene, rotundone, so called because it was originally extracted from the tuber of this plant, is responsible for the spicy aroma of black pepper and the peppery taste of certain Australian Shiraz wines.[20]

Extract from leaves and tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. increase the adventitious rooting of different species. These extracts contain a large amount of auxins and phenolic compounds that promote the rooting of cuttings and seedlings.[21][22]
Food
A Cyperus rotundus tuber, approximately 20 mm long

Despite the bitter taste of the tubers, they are edible and have nutritional value. Some part of the plant was eaten by humans between Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.[23] The plant has a high amount of carbohydrates.[24] The plant is eaten in Rajasthan in famine-stricken areas.[10]
Sleeping mats

The well dried coco grass is used in mats for sleeping.
Invasive problems and eradication
A cross section through the flower stem

Cyperus rotundus is one of the most invasive weeds known, having spread out to a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. It has been called "the world's worst weed"[25] as it is known as a weed in over 90 countries, and infests over 50 crops worldwide.[26] In the United States it occurs from Florida north to New York and Minnesota and west to California and most of the states in between. In the uplands of Cambodia, it is described as an important agricultural weed.[4]

Its existence in a field significantly reduces crop yield, both because it is a tough competitor for ground resources, and because it is allelopathic, the roots releasing substances harmful to other plants.[27] Similarly, it also has a bad effect on ornamental gardening. The difficulty to control it is a result of its intensive system of underground tubers, and its resistance to most herbicides. It is also one of the few weeds that cannot be stopped with plastic mulch.
Cyperus rotundus emerging through plastic mulching

Weed pulling in gardens usually results in breakage of roots, leaving tubers in the ground from which new plants emerge quickly. Ploughing distributes the tubers in the field, worsening the infestation; even if the plough cuts up the tubers to pieces, new plants can still grow from them. In addition, the tubers can survive harsh conditions, further contributing to the difficulty to eradicate the plant. Hoeing in traditional agriculture of South East Asia does not remove the plant but leads to rapid regrowth.[4]

Most herbicides may kill the plant's leaves, but most have no effect on the root system and the tubers. Glyphosate will kill some of the tubers (along with most other plants) and repeated application can be successful. Halosulfuron-methyl[28] will control nut grass after repeated applications without damaging lawns.[29] The plant does not tolerate shading and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) slows its growth in pastures and mulch crops.
See also

List of Cyperus species

References

Lansdown, R.V., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Beentje, H.J. (2017). Cyperus rotundus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T158183A84284983. Downloaded on 27 October 2018.
"Cyperus rotundus (sedge)". Retrieved 2019-04-24.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Martin, Robert & Pol Chanthy, 2009, Weeds of Upland Cambodia Archived 2014-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, ACIAR Monagraph 141, Canberra.
κύπερος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
rotundus. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
"The Linear B word ku-pa-ro". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages.
Buckley, Stephen; Usai, Donatella; Jakob, Tina; Radini, Anita; Hardy, Karen (2014). "Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food Items, Cooking and Plant Processing in Prehistoric Central Sudan". PLoS ONE. 9 (7): e100808. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0808B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100808. PMC 4100759. PMID 25028938.
Meine, Curt; Archibald, George, eds. (1996). The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. p. 96. ISBN 2-8317-0326-3.
Bhandari, MM (1974). "Famine Foods in the Rajasthan Desert". Economic Botany. 28 (1): 78. doi:10.1080/09735070.2010.11886369. S2CID 131037079.
Jagtap, A. G.; Shirke, S. S.; Phadke, A. S. (February 2004). "Effect of polyherbal formulation on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 90 (2–3): 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.042. PMID 15013181.
Manish V. Patel; et al. (October 2010). "Effects of Ayurvedic treatment on forty-three patients of ulcerative colitis". Ayu. 31 (4): 478–481. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.82046. PMC 3202252. PMID 22048543.
Imam, Hashmat; Lone, Azad; Seikh, Aziz; Sofi, Ghulamuddin; Zarnigar (2014). "The incredible benefits of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus)". International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases. 4: 23. doi:10.4103/2231-0738.124611.
Aegineta Paulus (translation and commentary by Francis Adams) (1847). The seven books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek.
Charles Alston (1770). Lectures on the materia medica: containing the natural history of drugs.
Traci Watson (July 16, 2014). "Ancient People Achieved Remarkably Clean Teeth With Noxious Weed". National Geographic. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
Feltman, Rachel (July 17, 2014). "Ancient humans may have eaten a pesky weed to fight off cavities". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
Imam, Hashmat; Sofi, Ghulamuddin; Seikh, Aziz; Lone, Azad (2004). "The incredible benefits of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus)". International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases. 4 (1): 23–27. doi:10.4103/2231-0738.124611.
Ying, J.; Bing, X. (2016). "Chemical constituents of Cyperus rotundus L. and their inhibitory effects on uterine fibroids". African Health Sciences. 16 (4): 1000–1006. doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i4.16. PMC 5398446. PMID 28479892.
Siebert, Tracey E; Wood, Claudia; Elsey, Gordon M; Pollnitz, Alan P. (2008). "Determination of Rotundone, the Pepper Aroma Impact Compound, in Grapes and Wine". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (10): 3745–8. doi:10.1021/jf800184t. PMID 18461962.
Rezende, F.P.F; Zuffellato-Ribas, K.C; Koehler, H.S (2013). "Aplicação de extratos de folhas e tubérbulos de Cyperus rotundus L. E de auxinas sintéticas na estaquia caulinar de Duranta repens L" [Application of extracts of leaves and tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. and of synthetic auxins in the cutting stem of Duranta repens L]. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (in Portuguese). 15 (4 suppl 1): 639. doi:10.1590/S1516-05722013000500003.
Yamashita, Oscar Mitsuo; Azevedo, Gustavo Waddan Perez; Peres, Walmor Moya; David, Grace Queiroz; Carvalho, Marco Antonio Camillo de; Koga, Paulo Sergio (2017). "Seedling Production of Fruit and Ornamental Species to the Use of Weed Harmone (Cyperus rotundus)". Nucleus. 14: 279–288. doi:10.3738/1982.2278.1988.
Buckley, Stephen; Usai, Donatella; Jakob, Tina; Radini, Anita; Hardy, Karen (2014). "Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food Items, Cooking and Plant Processing in Prehistoric Central Sudan". PLoS ONE. 9 (7): e100808. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0808B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100808. PMC 4100759. PMID 25028938.
"Tooth plaque provides unique insights into our prehistoric ancestors' diet". ScienceDaily.
Holm, LeRoy G.; Plucknett, Donald L..; et al. (1977). The World's worst weeds: Distribution and biology. Hawaii: University Press of Hawaii.
Omezine, Abdessatar; Harzallah-Skhili, Fethia (2009). "Biological Behavior of Cyperus rotundus in Relation to Agro-Ecological Conditions and Imposed Human Factors". African Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. Global Science Books.
Darmanti, Sri; Dewi, Kumala; L. Hartanto Nugroho (December 2015). "Allelopathic Effect of Cyperus rotundus L. on Seed Germination and Initial Growth of Glycine max L. cv. Grobogan". 17 (2): 61–67.
"USDOE-Bonneville Power Administration, Halosulfron-methyl Herbicide Fact Sheet, March 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
Nutgrass – a tough little nut to crack, January 2016