Anacardiaceae

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Sapindales

Familia: Anacardiaceae
Subfamilia: Anacardioideae – Spondiadoideae
Genera: Abrahamia – Actinocheita – Allospondias – Amphipterygium – Anacardium – Androtium – Antrocaryon – Apterokarpos – Astronium – Attilaea – Baronia – Blepharocarya – Bonetiella – Bouea – Buchanania – Campnosperma – Campylopetalum – Cardenasiodendron – Choerospondias – Comocladia – Cotinus – Cyrtocarpa – Dobinea – Dracontomelon – Drimycarpus – Ebandoua – Euleria – Euroschinus – Faguetia – Fegimanra – Gluta – Haematostaphis – Haplorhus – Harpephyllum – Heeria – Holigarna – Koordersiodendron – Lannea – Laurophyllus – Lithraea – Loxopterygium – Loxostylis – Malosma – Mangifera – Mauria – Melanochyla – Melanococca – Metopium – Micronychia – Montagueia – Mosquitoxylum – Myracrodruon – Nothopegia – Ochoterenaea – Operculicarya – Orthopterygium – Ozoroa – Pachycormus – Parishia – Pegia – Pentaspadon – Pistacia – Pleiogynium – Poupartia – Poupartiopsis – Protorhus – Pseudosmodingium – Pseudospondias – Rhodosphaera – Rhus – Schinopsis – Schinus – Sclerocarya – Searsia – Semecarpus – Smodingium – Solenocarpus – Sorindeia – Spondias – Swintonia – Tapirira – Thyrsodium – Toxicodendron – Trichoscypha
Paleogenera: †Anacardites – †Pentoperculum

Source(s) of checklist:

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Anacardiaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Sep 14. Reference page.

Name

Anacardiaceae R.Br. (1818) (nom. cons.)

Type genus: Anacardium L. Sp. Pl. 1: 383. (1753)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Blepharocaryaceae Airy Shaw Kew Bull. 18: 254. (1964)
Comocladiaceae Martynov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar. 144. (1820)
Julianaceae Hemsley
Lentiscaceae Horan. Tetractys 25. (1843)
Pistaciaceae Martinov Tekhno-Bot. Slovar. 485. (1820)
Podoaceae Baill. ex Franch. (1889)
Rhoaceae Sadler
Schinaceae Raf. Fl. Tellur. 3: 55. (1837)
Vernicaceae Schultz Sch. Nat. Syst. Pflanzenr. 488. (1832)

References

Brown, R. 1818. Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire: 431.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Anacardiaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jan. 29. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Anacardiaceae. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jan. 29. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Anacardiaceae. Published online. Accessed: Jan. 29 2021.
Lohmueller, F.A. The Botanical System of the Plants [1]
Manchester, S.R. 1994. Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. Palaeontographica Americana 58: 1–205.
Mitchell, J. D., Daly, D. C., Pell, S. K. & Randrianasolo, A. 2006. Poupartiopsis gen. nov. and its context in Anacardiaceae Classification. Systematic Botany 31 (2): 337–348. DOI: 10.1600/036364406777585757 Paywall JSTOR Reference page.
Pell, S.K., Mitchell, J.D., Miller, A.J. & Lobova, T.A. 2010. Anacardiaceae. In Flowering Plants. Eudicots (pp. 7-50). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14397-7_3
Wolfe, J.A. 1968. Paleogene biostratigraphy of nonmarine rocks in King County, Washington. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 571.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Mango-agtiges
العربية: بطميةa
azərbaycanca: Sumaqkimilər
беларуская: Сумахавыя
български: Смрадликови
भोजपुरी: एनाकार्डियासिया
català: Anacardiàcies
čeština: Ledvinovníkovité
dansk: Sumak-familien
Deutsch: Sumachgewächse
English: Cashew family
Esperanto: Anakardiacoj
español: Anacardiáceas
eesti: Anakardilised
فارسی: پسته‌ایان
suomi: Sumakkikasvit
עברית: אלתיים
hrvatski: Rujevke
hornjoserbsce: Sumakowe rostliny
magyar: Szömörcefélék
հայերեն: Աղտորազգիներ
italiano: Anacardiacee
日本語: ウルシ科
ქართული: თუთუბოსებრნი
перем коми: Сумах котыр
한국어: 옻나무과
kurdî: Famîleya sincan
коми: Сумах котыр
кыргызча: Мистелер
lietuvių: Anakardiniai
latviešu: Anakardiju dzimta
македонски: Руеви
മലയാളം: അനാക്കാർഡിയേസീ
Nederlands: Pruikenboomfamilie
norsk: Sumakfamilien
polski: Nanerczowate
پنجابی: امب ٹبر
Runa Simi: Mulli yura rikch'aq ayllu
русский: Анакардиевые
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Vonjače
slovenščina: Rujevke
svenska: Sumakväxter
తెలుగు: అనకార్డియేసి
ไทย: วงศ์มะม่วง
Türkçe: Sakız ağacıgiller
українська: Анакардієві
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Pistadoshlar
Tiếng Việt: Họ Đào lộn hột
中文（简体）: 漆树科
中文（繁體）: 漆樹科

The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family[1] or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species.[2] Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol, an irritant. The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew (in the type genus Anacardium), mango, Chinese lacquer tree, yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper, poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, smoke tree, marula and cuachalalate. The genus Pistacia (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae.[3]

Description
Lannea grandis in Banten,, Indonesia

Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and resinous or milky sap that may be highly poisonous, as in black poisonwood and sometimes foul-smelling.[4] Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family.[5]

The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma, Micronychia, and Heeria argentea (Anaphrenium argenteum). The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma.[5]

Leaves are deciduous or evergreen, usually alternate (rarely opposite),[6] estipulate (without stipule) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate). Leaf architecture is very diverse. Primary venation is pinnate (rarely palmate). Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae.[4][7]

Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.[4] Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both stamens and pistils (perfect). A calyx with three to seven cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud. Stamens are twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the[6] fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).[4] Stamen stalks are separate, and anthers are able to move.[6] Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx.[4] In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are single-celled. In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are single or sometimes quadri- or quinticelled. One to three styles and one ovule occur in each cavity.[6]

Fruits rarely open at maturity[4] and are most often drupes.[6]

Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like. Little or no endosperm is present. Cotyledons are fleshy.[6] Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the embryo.[4]
Taxonomy
History

In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called the Terebintaceæ which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium (Anacardium), Anacardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus and Rourea. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.[8]

Robert Brown described a subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Hingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by Bernard de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus.[9]

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia and Picramnia.[10]

John Lindley described the "Essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ. He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus and Mauria.[4]
Phylogeny

The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, the Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers.[3] However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae.[3][11][12] The genus Abrahamia was separated from Protorhus in 2004.(Pell 2004)
Subdivision

The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into subfamilies by Takhtajan, as Anacardioideae (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoideae, and Semecarpeae) and Spondiadoideae (including tribe Spondiadeae). Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes (Pell 2004). Later Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and the single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondiadoideae.
Selected genera

Abrahamia
Actinocheita
Allospondias
Amphipterygium
Anacardium (cashew)
Androtium
Antrocaryon
Attilaea
Baronia
Blepharocarya
Bonetiella
Bouea
Buchanania
Campnosperma
Campylopetalum
Cardenasiodendron
Choerospondias
Comocladia
Cotinus (smoke tree)
Cyrtocarpa
Dobinea
Dracontomelon
Drimycarpus
Euroschinus
Faguetia
Fegimanra
Gluta
Haematostaphis
Haplorhus
Harpephyllum
Heeria
Holigarna
Koordersiodendron
Lannea
Laurophyllus
Lithraea
Loxopterygium
Loxostylis
Malosma
Mangifera (mango)
Mauria
Melanochyla
Melanococca
Metopium
Micronychia
Mosquitoxylum
Myracrodruon
Nothopegia
Ochoterenaea
Operculicarya
Orthopterygium
Ozoroa
Pachycormus
Parishia
Pegia
Pentaspadon
Pistacia (pistachio)
Pleiogynium
Poupartia
Poupartiopsis
Protorhus
Pseudosmodingium
Pseudospondias
Rhodosphaera
Rhus (sumac)
Schinopsis
Schinus (peppertree)
Sclerocarya
Searsia
Semecarpus
Smodingium
Solenocarpus
Sorindeia
Spondias
Swintonia
Tapirira
Thyrsodium
Toxicodendron (poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac)
Trichoscypha

Ecology

The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.[6] Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India. Pistacia and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe, Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabits South America exclusively.[4]
Uses

Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits.[4]

Some members[which?] produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes.[4] The sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products.
Etymology

The name Anacardium, originally from the Greek, refers to the nut, core or heart of the fruit, which is outwardly located: ana means "upward" and -cardium means "heart").
References

English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 351. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
Tingshuang Yi; Jun Wen; Avi Golan-Goldhirsh; Dan E. Parfitt (2008). "Phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 95 (2): 241–251. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.241. PMID 21632348.
Natural System of Botany (1831), pages 125-127
Systematic Anatomy, (1908), page 244-248
Northern United States (1897), page 25 Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Pell et al 2011.
Genera plantarum (1789) pages 368-369 Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Expedition... (1818) Appendix V, pages 430-431 Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (1824), pages 62-66 Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Pistaciaceae Martinov Archived 29 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed 28 March 2010

James L. Reveal, USDA - APHIS -- Concordance of Family Names Archived 6 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, last revised 25 October 2006

Bibliography

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Andrés-Hernández, A. R.; Terrazas, Teresa (October 2009). "Leaf architecture of Rhus s.str. (Anacardiaceae)". Feddes Repertorium. 120 (5–6): 293–306. doi:10.1002/fedr.200911109. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
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