Pistacia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Sapindales

Familia: Anacardiaceae
Subfamilia: Anacardioideae
Genus: Pistacia
Species: P. atlantica – P. chinensis – P. eurycarpa – P. khinjuk – P. lentiscus – P. mexicana – P. terebinthus – P. vera – P. weinmannifolia

Nothospecies: P. × saportae

Source(s) of checklist:

Hassler, M. 2018. Pistacia. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 09. Reference page.

Name

Pistacia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1025 (1753); Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 450 (1754).

Lectotype species: Pistacia vera L. (designated by M.L. Green, Prop. Brit. Bot. 191. Aug. 1929)

Synonyms

Homotypic
Evrardia Adanson, Fam. 2: 342. Jul-Aug 1763.
Terebinthus Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4: s.p. (1754).
Heterotypic
Lentiscus Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4: s.p. (1754).
Terminthos St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 8: 203 (1881).
Therminthos St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 133 (1880).

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 1025. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 450. Reference page.

Additional references

Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Pistacia. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 09. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Pistacia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Sep 3. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2020. Pistacia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Sep 3.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Pistacia in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2020 Sep 3.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Pistacia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
Pistacia L. – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Pistacia – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
EOL: Pistacia

Vernacular names
беларуская: Фісташка
Deutsch: Pistazien
English: Pistachio
suomi: Pistaasit
עברית: אלה
日本語: ランシンボク属, カイノキ属

Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It contains 10 to 20 species that are native to Africa and Eurasia from the Canary Islands, all of Africa, and southern Europe, warm and semidesert areas across Asia, and North America from Mexico to warm and semidesert United States, such as Texas or California.

Description

Pistacia plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 5–15 m tall. The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, and can be either evergreen or deciduous depending on species. All species are dioecious, but monoecious individuals of Pistacia atlantica have been noted.[2] The genus is estimated to be about 80 million years old.[3]

It is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. The plants are dioecious, have male and female trees independently; a viable population should have both sexes.

Well-known species in the genus Pistacia include P. vera, the pistachio, grown for its edible seeds; P. terebinthus, from which terebinth resin, a turpentine, is produced; P. lentiscus, source of the plant resin mastic; and P. chinensis, the Chinese pistache, cultivated as an ornamental tree. The Pistacia species are vicarious Anacardiaceae with few species outside the Old World, and are mostly more adapted to water shortage and alkaline soil.

Many plant species are adapted to desert or summer drought typical of Mediterranean climate, so have a high tolerance to saline soil. They grow well in water containing up to 3.0 to 4.0% of soluble salts.[4] They are quite resilient in their ecological requirements, and can survive in temperatures ranging from −10 °C in winter to 45 °C in summer. They prefer places oriented toward the sun and well-drained soil, but grow well in the bottom of ravines. Though very hardy and drought resistant, Pistacia species grow slowly and only begin to bear fruit after about seven to 10 years from planting, obtaining full development only after 15 to 20 years. The fruit ripens in the Mediterranean from August; only female trees have fruit.

Although some species prefer moderate humidity, they do not grow well in high humidity conditions. They are susceptible to root rot, molds, and fungi, and parasites attack if they receive too much water and the soil has insufficient drainage. They require a period of drought each year for proper development. Their leaves are intensely bright green and leathery, with three to 9 leaflets. The leaves are alternate, compound, and paripinnate. The flowers are unisexual, apetalous, and grouped in clusters. The flowers range from purple to green. The fruit is a drupe, generally unpalatable to humans, the size of a pea, and red to brown in color, depending on the degree of maturation. The seeds do not have endosperm. The seeds are eaten and dispersed by birds, for which they are a valuable resource because of the scarcity of food in some important times of year, as the time of breeding, migration, or the dry season. The commercial species of pistachio has larger fruits and is edible.

The plants emit a bitter, resinous or medicative smell, which in some species is very intense and aromatic. Some species develop "galls" that occur in the leaves and leaflets after the bite of insects. Although marred by the presence of galls, they are very vigorous and resistant plants that survive in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated. They multiply by seeds, stolons, and root shoots. Various species hybridize easily between them, and hybrid plants are difficult to identify.

Some tree species (e.g. Pistacia aethiopica, Pistacia atlantica) can exist as small bushes and shrubs due to the extremes of their habitat, adverse conditions, or the excessive consumption by wildlife or livestock that hinders growth.

Pistacia lentiscus is a very common plant related to Pistacia terebinthus with which it hybridizes. P. terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland in the Iberian Peninsula, and mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of the sea prevents or moderates frost. There are species with very small ranges that cover only one or a group of islands in the Mediterranean. P. terebinthus is also found on the east coast of the Mediterranean, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, filling the same ecological niche of these species. On the west coast of the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East, it can be confused with Pistacia atlantica.
Cultivation and uses

Best known as the pistachio, Pistacia vera is a small tree native to Iran, grown for its edible seeds. The seeds of the other species were also eaten in prehistory, but are too small to have commercial value today. Records of Pistacia from preclassical archaeological sites, and mentions in preclassical texts, always refer to one of these other species (often P. terebinthus).

Pistacia terebinthus (the terebinth), a native of Iran and the western Mediterranean countries, is tapped for turpentine. It is also common in the eastern Mediterranean countries. Because terebinths have the ability to kill certain bacteria, terebinth resin was widely used as a preservative in ancient wine. In the Zagros Mountains of Iran, in one of the earliest examples of winemaking, archaeologists discovered terebinth resin deposits from 5400 to 5000 BC in jars that also contained grape-juice residue.[5]

Pistacia lentiscus, an evergreen shrub or small tree of the Mediterranean region, supplies a resin called mastic.

Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache), the most frost-tolerant species in the genus, is grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its bright red autumn leaf colour.

Pistacia species are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some species of Lepidoptera including the emperor moth.
Pistacia vera genome

Scientists from Iran and China assembled a draft genome of pistachio and resequenced 107 whole genomes, including 93 domestic and 14 wild individuals of P. vera and 35 other genomes from different wild Pistacia species.[6][7] Integrating genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed expanded gene families (e.g., cytochrome P450 and chitinase) and the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway that are likely involved in stress adaptation. Comparative population genomic analyses revealed that pistachio was domesticated ~ 8000 years ago and that likely key genes for domestication are those involved in tree and seed size, which experienced artificial selection.[8]
Species

Image	Scientific name	Common name	Distribution
	Pistacia aethiopica Kokwaro		Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Yemen.
	Pistacia atlantica Desf.	betoum	Eurasia from the Iranian Plateau to North Africa
	Pistacia chinensis Bunge	Chinese pistache	central and western China.
	Pistacia cucphuongensis Dai		Vietnam.
	Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt.		Zagros Mountains, Iraq
	Pistacia falcata Beccari ex Martelli		NE. Tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula
	Pistacia khinjuk Stocks		Egypt, western Asia and parts of the Himalayas
	Pistacia integerrima J.L.Stewart ex Brandis		Asia
	Pistacia lentiscus L.	mastic	Mediterranean Basin
	Pistacia malayana M.R.Henderson.		Peninsular Malaysia.
	Pistacia mexicana Kunth	Mexican pistache (including P. texana Swingle – Texas pistache), American pistachio	Guatemala, Mexico, and Texas
	Pistacia saportae Burnat		Europe
	Pistacia terebinthus L.	terebinth and turpentine tree	Morocco, and Portugal to Greece, western and southeast Turkey, and Levant region (especially Israel and Syria).
	Pistacia vera L.	pistachio	Central Asia and the Middle East
	Pistacia weinmannifolia J.Poiss. ex Franch.[9]		Yunnan province of China

Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. was formerly classified as P. simaruba L.[9]
References

"Genus: Pistacia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-11-23. Archived from the original on 2014-12-03. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
İsfendiyaroğlu, M.; Özekera, E. (2009). "Inflorescence features of a new exceptional monoecious Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Anacardiaceae) population in the Barbaros Plain of İzmir/Turkey" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Production. 3: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.
Parfitt, Dan E.; Maria L. Badenes (July 1997). "Phylogeny of the genus Pistacia as determined from analysis of the chloroplast genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (15): 7987–92. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.7987P. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.7987. PMC 21542. PMID 9223300.
http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/circ532.pdf
Rod Phillips, Une courte histoire du vin, 2001
https://bigd.big.ac.cn/gwh/Assembly/502/show
"Pistacia_vera - Ensembl Genomes 51".
Zeng, L., et al. Whole genomes and transcriptomes reveal adaptation and domestication of pistachio. Genome Biol 20, 79 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-019-1686-3
"GRIN Species Records of Pistacia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2010-11-19.