Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclasses (2): Euthyneura - "Lower Heterobranchia"
Superfamiliae Incertae sedis (3†}: †Acteonelloidea – †Nerineoidea – †Streptacidoidea
Familiae Incertae sedis (3†): †Dolomitellidae – †Kuskokwimiidae – †Misurinellidae
Note:: The designation "Lower Heterobranchia" (a temporary WoRMS name pending proper allocation) and the infraclass Euthyneura both now cover all superfamiliae and familiae formerly shown under the now obsolete Opisthobranchia, Pulmonata, Rhodopemorha and Triganglionata.
Name
Heterobranchia Burmeister, 1837
References
Burn, R. 2006: A checklist and bibliography of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Victoria and the Bass Strait area, south-eastern Australia. Museum Victoria science reports, (10) DOI: 10.24199/j.mvsr.2006.10 Open access.Reference page.
Gutiérrez, M.C., Ortea, J.A., Rivero, N., Tucker, G.C., Malaquias, M.A.E. & Narciso, S. 2015. The opisthobranch gastropods (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Venezuela: an annotated and illustrated inventory of species. Zootaxa 4034(2): 201–256. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4034.2.1. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Nithyanandan, M., Al-Kandari, M. & Mantha, G. 2021. New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91–107. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250 Open access Reference page.
Links
Heterobranchia in the World Register of Marine Species
Vernacular names
Akan: Nwa
English: Heterobranchs ("different-gilled snails")
日本語: 異鰓上目
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Currently Heterobranchia comprises three informal groups: the lower heterobranchs, the opisthobranchs and the pulmonates.[2]
A shell of the marine species Bulla quoyii, which is an opisthobranch.
Diversity
The three subdivisions of this large clade are quite diverse:
The Lower Heterobranchia includes shelled marine and freshwater species.
Opisthobranchia are almost all marine species, some shelled and some not. The internal organs of the opisthobranchs have undergone detorsion (unwinding of the viscera that were twisted during torsion).
The Pulmonata includes the majority of land snails and slugs, many freshwater snails, and a small number of marine species. The mantle cavity of the Pulmonata is modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrically-arranged nervous system. The pulmonates almost always lack an operculum and are hermaphroditic.
Taxonomy
Berthella martensi, a pleurobranch.
Older taxonomy
The families currently included in Heterobranchia have historically been placed in many different parts of the taxonomic class of gastropods. Earlier authors (such as J.E. Gray, 1840) considered Heterobranchia to consist of only marine gastropods, and conceptualized it as a borderline category, intermediate between the Opisthobranchia & Pulmonata, and all the other gastropods.[3]
The (sometimes recognized) category Heterostropha within the Heterobranchia, which includes such families as Architectonicidae, the sundial or staircase snails, is primarily characterized by a shell which has a heterostrophic protoconch, in other words the apical whorls are coiled in the opposite plane to the adult whorls. The classification of this group was revised by Ponder & Warén in 1988.[4]
According to the older taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) the Heterobranchia were ranked as a superorder.
2005 taxonomy
The graph of neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree shows that there is no clade-supporting pattern for the monophyly of Opisthobranchia (green) or of Pulmonata (yellow) based on datasets by Jörger et al. (2010).[5]
Heterobranchia is currently one of the main clades of gastropods. For a detailed taxonomy, see Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)#Clade Heterobranchia.
2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010)[5] have redefined major groups within the Heterobranchia: they created the new clades Euopisthobranchia and Panpulmonata.[5]
A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of Heterobranchia as proposed by Jörger et al. (2010):[5]
Heterobranchia
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References
"PBDB". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997. 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
Haszprunar G. (1985). "The Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda". Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung. 23 (1): 15–37. ISSN 0044-3808.
Ponder, W. F.; Warén, A. (1988). "Classification of the Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha- A list of family-group names and higher taxa". Malacological Review Supplement. 4: 288–317.
Jörger K. M.; Stöger I.; Kano Y.; Fukuda H.; Knebelsberger T.; Schrödl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994.
Further reading
Dinapoli A. (2009). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Heterobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Thesis, Frankfurt am Main, 176 pp. PDF[permanent dead link].
Dinapoli A.; Klussmann-Kolb A. (2010). "The long way to diversity – Phylogeny and evolution of the Heterobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda)"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.019. PMID 19778622.
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