Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: †Meridiungulata
Ordo: †Xenungulata
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: †Meridiungulata
Ordo: †Xenungulata
Familiae: †Carodniidae
Name
Xenungulata Paula Couto, 1952: 370
References
Primary references
de Paula Couto, C. 1952. Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litopterna, Xenungulata, and Astrapotheria. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 99(6): 359–394. hdl: 2246/417 Open access Internet Archive Reference page.
Additional references
McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.K. (eds.). 1997. Classification of mammals: above the species level. Columbia University Press: New York. xii + 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Google Books Reference page.
Vernacular names
català: Xenungulats
English: Xenungulates
español: Xenungulados
italiano: Xenungulati
русский: Ксенунгуляты
Xenungulata ("strange ungulates") is an order of extinct and primitive South American hoofed mammals that lived from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene (Itaboraian to Casamayoran in the SALMA classification). Fossils of the order are known from deposits in Brazil, Argentina, Peru,[4] and Colombia. The best known member of this enigmatic order is the genus Carodnia, a tapir-like and -sized animal with a gait similar to living African elephants.[5]
Description
Xenungulates are characterized by bilophodont M1–2 and M1–2, similar to pyrotheres, and complex lophate third molars, similar to uintatheres. Though other relationships, to arctocyonids for example, have been suggested, no proofs thereof have been found. The foot bones of xenungulates were short and robust and their digits terminated in broad, flat, and unfissured hoof-like unguals, quite unlike any other meridiungulates. The discovery of Etayoa in Colombia[6] made it clear that xenungulates are distinct from other groups: Etayoa lacks lophate molar talonid (in contrast to Carodnia) and, since no distinct lophodonty is present in basal pyrotheres, there is reason to assume that bilophodonty evolved separately in xenungulates and pyrotheres. Xenungulates also show some dental similarity to primitive astrapotheres.[7]
Taxonomy
Cifelli 1983 grouped Carodnia with pyrotheres based on a similarity in astragalus morphology, but later concluded that this observation was incorrect.[8]
Notoetayoa is most closely related to Etayoa.[9]
Distribution
Xenungulata is located in South America
Xenungulata
Xenungulata
Xenungulata
Xenungulata
Locations of Xenungulata fossils
Bogotá Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
Mogollón Formation
Itaboraí Formation
Xenungulata fossils have been found in:[10]
Bogotá Formation, Casamayoran, Colombia
Peñas Coloradas Formation, Riochican, Argentina
Mogollón Formation, Itaboraian-Riochican, Peru
Itaboraí Formation, Itaboraian, Brazil
References
Carodniidae in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved May 2013.
Gelfo, Javier N.; García-López, Daniel A.; Bergqvist, Lilian P. (2020). "Phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiology of a new xenungulate (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the Palaeogene of Argentina". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (12): 993–1007. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1715496. S2CID 213052956.
"Xenungulata". Palaeocritti. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Antoine et al. 2015
Fariña, Vizcaíno & De Iuliis 2013, p. 86
Villarroel 1987
Rose 2006, Xenungulata, p. 238
Gingerich 1985, p. 131
Gelfo, López & Bond 2008, Abstract
Xenungulata at Fossilworks.org
Bibliography
Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia; Baby, Patrice; Brusset, Stéphane; Espurt, Nicolas (2015). "A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22 (2): 129–140. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
Cifelli, Richard (1983). "Eutherian tarsals from the late Paleocene of Brazil". American Museum Novitates (2761). hdl:2246/5252. OCLC 10601277.Cifelli 1983
Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry (2013). Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253007193. OCLC 779244424. Retrieved 4 May 2013.Fariña, Vizcaíno & De Iuliis 2013
Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Bond, Mariano (2008). "A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 329–35. doi:10.1666/06-099.1. OCLC 4631927277. S2CID 131263926.Gelfo, López & Bond 2008
Gingerich, Philip D. (1985). "South American Mammals in the Paleocene of North America" (PDF). In Stehli, Francis G.; Webb, S. David (eds.). The Great American Biotic Interchange. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 123–137. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9181-4_5. ISBN 978-1-4684-9183-8. OCLC 716806225. Retrieved 4 May 2013.Gingerich 1985
Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0801884726.Rose 2006
Paula Couto, Carlos, de (1952). "Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litopterna, Xenungulata, and Astrapotheria". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 99: 355–394. hdl:2246/417. OCLC 18189741.Paula Couto 1952
Simpson, George Gaylord (1935). "Descriptions of the oldest known South American mammals, from the Río Chico Formation". American Museum Novitates. Publications of the Scarritt Expeditions, no. 24 (793). hdl:2246/2125. OCLC 44083494.Simpson 1935
Villarroel, Carlos (1987). "Características y afinidades de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno medio (¿) de Colombia". Comunicaciones Paleontologicas del Museo de Historia Natural del Montevideo. 1 (19): 241–253. OCLC 18731966.Villarroel 1987
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