Tamias striatus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Ordo: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohort: Theria
Cohort: Eutheria
Cohort: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Rodentia
Subordo: Sciuromorpha
Familia: Sciuridae
Subfamilia: Xerinae
Tribus: Marmotini
Genus: Tamias
Species: Tamias striatus
Subspecies: T. s. striatus - T. n. doorsiensis - T. s. fisheri - T. s. griseus - T. s. lysteri - T. s. ohioensis - T. s. peninsulae - T. s. pipilans - T. s. quebecensis - T. s. rufescens - T. s. venustus
Name
Tamias striatus Linnaeus, 1758
Type locality: "America septemtrionalis" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:14) to "Upper Savannah River, South Carolina.", USA
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 94. Reference page.
Tamias striatus in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Links
North American Mammals: Tamias striatus [1]
Smithsonian Wild: Tamias striatus
Vernacular names
čeština: Čipmank východní
Deutsch: Streifen-Backenhörnchen
Ελληνικά: Ραβδωτός ταμίας
English: Eastern Chipmunk
español: La ardilla listada
eesti: Ida-vöötorav
suomi: Juovamaaorava
français: Tamia rayé
magyar: Amerikai csíkosmókus
italiano: Tamia striato, chipmunk orientale
lietuvių: Rytų Amerikos burundukas
Nederlands: Oostelijke wangzakeekhoorn
polski: Pręgowiec amerykański
русский: Восточный бурундук
svenska: Östlig chipmunk
українська: Бурундук східний
中文: 东部花栗鼠
The eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) is a chipmunk species found in eastern North America. It is the only living member of the chipmunk subgenus Tamias, sometimes recognized as a separate genus.[2] The name "chipmunk" comes from the Ojibwe word ᐊᒋᑕᒨ ajidamoo (or possibly ajidamoonh, the same word in the Ottawa dialect of Ojibwe), which translates literally as "one who descends trees headlong."[3] First described by Mark Catesby in his 1743 The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, the chipmunk was eventually classified as Sciurus striatus by Linnaeus, meaning "striped squirrel" in Latin.[4][5] The scientific name was changed to Tamias striatus, meaning "striped steward," by Johann Illiger in 1811.[6]
Description
A small species, it reaches about 30 cm (12 in) in length including the tail, and a weight of 66–150 g (2.3–5.3 oz).[7] It has reddish-brown fur on its upper body and five dark brown stripes contrasting with light brown stripes along its back, ending in a dark tail. It has lighter fur on the lower part of its body. It has a tawny stripe that runs from its whiskers to below its ears, and light stripes over its eyes. It has two fewer teeth than other chipmunks and four toes each on the front legs, but five on the hind legs.[8] The chipmunk's appearance "remains consistent throughout life. There is no external difference in appearance between the sexes except the obvious anatomical characteristics of the genitalia during periods of fertility. Molt occurs once or twice annually, during May or June and sometimes again in October ... Both albino and melano specimens have been observed, but without geographical regularity."[9]
Habitat
The eastern chipmunk lives in deciduous wooded areas and urban parks throughout the eastern United States and southern Canada. It prefers locations with rocky areas, brush or log piles, and shrubs to provide cover.
Behavior
The Eastern Chipmunk can climb trees well, but constructs underground nests with extensive tunnel systems, often with several entrances. To hide the construction of its burrow, the eastern chipmunk is argued by some to carry soil to a different location in its cheek pouches.[10] However, recorded observations of chipmunks carrying soil in their cheek pouches are extremely limited. John Burroughs is noted as having written that "I used to think that the chipmunk carried away the soil in his cheek pouches, and have so-stated in one of my books [Riverby, 1894], but I am now certain that he does not—only his food stores are thus carried."[11] Chipmunks also line their burrows with leaves, rocks, sticks, and other material, making the burrows even harder to see.[12] "The vocal repertoire of the chipmunk consists of five more or less stereotyped sounds: the chip, the chuck, the trills, the whistle or squeal, and chatter."[13] The chipmunks' trill has been measured to occur at the rate of 130 vibrations per minute.[8]
In a six-year study that tracked 59 resident and 49 transient chipmunks on a 1.5 acre study area in Spotsylvania County, Virginia during the late 1970s, chemistry professor Lawrence Wishner significantly contributed to contemporary published research regarding the Eastern Chipmunk's behavior by drawing on his copious, localized observational data. Wishner noted that "it cannot be overemphasized that the uniqueness of this study lies in its continuous day-to-day observation of 108 individual chipmunks for a period of six years."[14]
Diet
Eastern Chipmunk eating under a log pile in Bedford, NY
The chipmunk is mainly active during the day, spending most of its day foraging. It prefers bulbs, seeds, fruits, nuts, green plants, mushrooms, insects, worms, and bird eggs. It commonly transports food in pouches in its cheeks.
Lifecycle
The eastern chipmunk defends its burrow and lives a solitary life, except during mating season. In fact, the chipmunk's solitary existence has been noted as "one of the most characteristic behavioral features of the chipmunk," whereas "social interaction of a relatively peaceful nature occurs only during the brief period of courtship and mating, and during the six to eight weeks that the young spend with the mother after birth."[15] Females usually produce one or two litters of three to five young.[8] The two breeding seasons are from February to April and from June to August. During the winter, the chipmunk may enter long periods of torpor, but does not truly hibernate.[16]
Predators of the eastern chipmunk include hawks, owls, foxes, raccoons, snakes, weasels, coyotes, bobcats, lynx, domestic dogs and domestic cats. On average, eastern chipmunks live three or more years in the wild, but in captivity they may live as long as eight years.[8]
Eastern chipmunks are known to be one of many hosts for the parasitic larvae of Cuterebra botflies. [17]
Distribution of Tamias striatus subspecies in the Door Peninsula vicinity: T. s. griseus (triangles), T. s. doorsiensis (circles), and T. s. peninsulae (squares). The black symbols mark where collected specimens were taken from, while the open symbols refer to other records.
Distribution of Tamias striatus subspecies in the Door Peninsula vicinity: T. s. griseus (triangles), T. s. doorsiensis (circles), and T. s. peninsulae (squares). The black symbols mark where collected specimens were taken from, while the open symbols refer to other records.
T. s. doorsiensis
The subspecies Tamias striatus doorsiensis was described in 1971.[18][19] It is only found in Door, Kewaunee, northeastern Brown, and possibly Manitowoc counties in northeastern Wisconsin.[20] Compared to the other subspecies of eastern chipmunk present in nearby in Michigan and Wisconsin, they have brighter patches behind their ears, grayer hair along their backs, and more white on their tails.[21] It is smaller than T. s. griseus but larger than the least chipmunk (Neotamias minimus).[20]
References
Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (2008). "Tamias striatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Tamias (Tamias) striatus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Chipmunk, Online Etymology Dictionary
Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "sciurus". A Latin Dictionary. Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021.
Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "strio". A Latin Dictionary. Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021.
Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 113.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Eastern Chipmunk Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, West Virginia Wildlife Series
Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 113.
Chipmunks, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska. p.B-14.
Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 100.
Chipmunks, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska. p.B-14.
Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 117.
Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. p.
Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 116-117.
The mother of all hangovers Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, McGill University WARM SPARK
Paquette, Chelsey; Garant, Dany; Savage, Jade; Réale, Denis; Bergeron, Patrick (May 2020). "Individual and environmental determinants of Cuterebra bot fly parasitism in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus)". Oecologia. 193 (2): 359–370. Bibcode:2020Oecol.193..359P. doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04685-x. PMID 32566968. S2CID 219958543.
ITIS Report for Tamias striatus doorsiensis, accessed 10 September 2019
Long, C.A. (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Pensoft Series Faunistica. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 181. ISBN 978-954-642-313-9. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
Tales of the wild: a year with nature by Roy Lukes, (entry on worldcat.org) Egg Harbor, Wisconsin: Nature-Wise, 2000, p. 73
Thorington, Richard W., Jr.; Koprowski, John L.; Steele, Michael A.; Whatton, James F. (2012). Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 354. ISBN 9781421404691. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
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