Rupicapra rupicapra

Chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra, Photo: Michael Lahanas

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Ruminantia

Familia: Bovidae
Subfamilia: Caprinae
Genus: Rupicapra
Species: Rupicapra rupicapra
Subspecies: R. r. asiatica – R. r. balcanica – R. r. carpatica – R. r. cartusiana – R. r. caucasica – R. r. rupicapra – R. r. tatrica
Name

Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758)

Type locality: Switzerland.

Synonymy

Capra rupicapra (protonym)

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 68. Reference page.

Links

Rupicapra rupicapra in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Gemse
aragonés: Sarrio
العربية: شامواه
azərbaycanca: Qarapaça
Boarisch: Gams
беларуская: Серна
български: Дива коза
brezhoneg: Chamoez
bosanski: Divokoza
català: Isard
нохчийн: Масар
čeština: Kamzík horský
Deutsch: Gämse
Ελληνικά: Αγριόγιδο
English: Chamois
Esperanto: Ĉamo
español: Rebeco alpino
euskara: Sarrio
suomi: Gemssi
arpetan: Chamouès
français: Chamois
galego: Rebezo
hrvatski: Divokoza
magyar: Zerge
Ido: Chamo
italiano: Camoscio alpino
日本語: シャモア
ქართული: არჩვი
лакку: Гьинта
lietuvių: Gemzė
македонски: Дивокоза
Nederlands: Gems
norsk: Gemse
polski: Kozica
پنجابی: چاموعز
português: Camurça
română: Capră neagră
русский: Серна
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Divokoza
slovenčina: Kamzík vrchovský
slovenščina: Gams
shqip: Kamoshi
српски / srpski: Дивокоза
svenska: Gems
удмурт: Кыр кеч
українська: Козиця звичайна
اردو: چاموعز
vèneto: Camorž
中文: 臆羚

The chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) or Alpine chamois is a species of goat-antelope native to mountains in Europe (mostly in Southern Europe or around the Mediterranean region), from west to east, including the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinarides, the Tatra and the Carpathian Mountains, the Balkan Mountains, the Rila–Rhodope massif, Pindus, the northeastern mountains of Turkey, and the Caucasus.[2] The chamois has also been introduced to the South Island of New Zealand. Some subspecies of chamois are strictly protected in the EU under the European Habitats Directive.[3]
Names
Chamois herd engraved on reindeer antler from Gourdan grotto, Haute Garonne.

The English name comes from the French chamois. The latter is derived from Gaulish camox (attested in Latin, 5th century), itself perhaps borrowing from some Alpine language (Raetic, Ligurian). The Gaulish form also underlies German Gemse, Gams, Gämse, Italian camoscio, Ladin ciamorz.

The usual pronunciation for the animal is UK: /ˈʃæmwɑː/ or US: /ʃæmˈwɑː/, approximating the French pronunciation [ʃamwa]. However, when referring to chamois leather, and in New Zealand often for the animal itself, it is /ˈʃæmi/, and sometimes spelt shammy or chamy. The plural of chamois is spelled the same as the singular, and it may be pronounced with the final "s" sounded. However, as with many other quarry species, the plural for the animal is often pronounced the same as the singular.

The Dutch name for the chamois is gems, and the male is called a gemsbok. In Afrikaans, the name gemsbok came to refer to a species of Subsaharan antelope of the genus Oryx, and this meaning of gemsbok has been adopted into English.
Taxonomy

The species R. rupicapra is categorized into seven subspecies:

Image	Subspecies	Distribution
	R. r. asiatica (Anatolian chamois or Turkish chamois)	Turkey
	R. r. balcanica (Balkan chamois)	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, northern Greece (the Pindus Mountains),[4] North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia (isolated populations)[5]
	R. r. carpatica (Carpathian chamois)	Romania
	R. r. cartusiana (Chartreuse chamois)	France
	R. r. caucasica (Caucasian chamois)	Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia
	R. r. rupicapra (Alpine chamois)	Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Slovenia,[5] Slovakia (Veľká Fatra, Slovak Paradise)
	R. r. tatrica (Tatra chamois)	Slovakia (Tatras and Low Tatras) and Poland (Tatras)

Description
Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica in the Tatra Mountains

The chamois is a very small bovid. A fully grown chamois reaches a height of 70–80 cm (28–31 in) and measures 107–137 cm (42–54 in) (the tail is not generally visible except when mating).[6] Males, which weigh 30–60 kg (66–132 lb), are slightly larger than females, which weigh 25–45 kg (55–99 lb).[6] Both males and females have short, straightish horns which are hooked backwards near the tip, the horn of the male being thicker. In summer, the fur has a rich brown colour which turns to a light grey in winter. Distinct characteristics are white contrasting marks on the sides of the head with pronounced black stripes below the eyes, a white rump and a black stripe along the back.
Biology and behaviour
Footprint at Rila National Park, Bulgaria, 2014
Chamois in the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy

Female chamois and their young live in herds of up to 15 to 30 individuals; adult males tend to live solitarily for most of the year. During the rut (late November/early December in Europe, May in New Zealand), males engage in fierce battles for the attention of unmated females. An impregnated female undergoes a gestation period of 170 days, after which a single kid is usually born in May or early June. On rare occasions, twins may be born.[6] If a mother is killed, other females in the herd may try to raise the young.[7] The kid is weaned at six months of age and is fully grown by one year of age. However, the kids do not reach sexual maturity until they are three to four years old, although some females may mate at as early two years old.[6] At sexual maturity, young males are forced out of their mother's herds by dominant males (who sometimes kill them), and then wander somewhat nomadically until they can establish themselves as mature breeding specimens at eight to nine years of age.[7]

Chamois eat various types of vegetation, including highland grasses and herbs during the summer and conifers, barks and needles from trees in winter. Primarily diurnal in activity, they often rest around mid-day and may actively forage during moonlit nights.[6]

Chamois can reach an age of 22 years in captivity, although the average recorded age in the wild ranges from 15 to 17 years. Common causes of mortality can include avalanches, epidemics and predation. At present, humans are the main predator of chamois. In the past, the principal predators were Eurasian lynxes, Persian leopards and gray wolves; with some predation possibly by brown bears and golden eagles.[6] Chamois usually use speed and stealthy evasion to escape predators and can run at 50 kilometers per hour (31 mph) and can jump 2 m (6.6 ft) vertically into the air or over a distance of 6 m (20 ft).[7]
Distribution and habitat
Rupicapra rupicapra carpatica in the Retezat Mountains

The chamois is native to the Pyrenees, the mountains of south and central Europe, Turkey, and the Caucasus. It lives in precipitous, rugged, rocky terrain at moderately high elevations of up to at least 3,600 m (11,800 ft). In Europe, the chamois spends the summer months in alpine meadows above the tree line, but moves to elevations of around 800 m (2,600 ft) to spend the winter in pine-dominated forests.
In New Zealand

Alpine chamois arrived in New Zealand in 1907 as a gift from the Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph I in exchange for specimens of living ferns, rare birds and lizards. Mr Albert E.L. Bertling, formerly head keeper of the Zoological Society's Gardens, Regents Park, London, accepted an invitation from the New Zealand Government to deliver a consignment of chamois (two bucks and six does) to the colony. They arrived in Wellington, New Zealand, on 23 January 1907, on board the SS Turakina. From Wellington the chamois were transhipped to the Manaroa and conveyed to Lyttelton, then by rail to Fairlie in South Canterbury and a four-day horse trek to Mount Cook. The first surviving releases were made in the Aoraki / Mount Cook region and these animals gradually spread over much of the South Island.[8][9]

In New Zealand, chamois hunting is unrestricted and even encouraged by the Department of Conservation to limit the animal's impact on New Zealand's native alpine flora.[9][10]

New Zealand chamois tend to weigh about 20% less than European individuals of the same age, suggesting that food supplies may be limited.[11]
Chamois on the Piz Beverin mountain, Switzerland
Hunting and wildlife management

As their meat is considered tasty,[12] chamois are popular game animals. Chamois have two traits that are exploited by hunters: the first is that they are most active in the morning and evening when they feed; the second is that they tend to look for danger originating from below, which means that a hunter stalking chamois from above is less likely to be observed and more likely to be successful.[13]

The tuft of hair from the back of the neck, the gamsbart (chamois "beard"), is traditionally worn as a decoration on hats throughout the alpine countries.
Chamois leather
Main article: Chamois leather
Chamois leather

Chamois leather, traditionally made from the hide of the chamois, is very smooth and absorbent and is favoured in cleaning, buffing, and polishing because it produces no scratching. Modern chamois leather may be made from chamois hides, but hides of deer or domestic goats or sheep are commonly used.
Chamois fabric

A fabric known as chamois is made variously from cotton flannel, PVA, Viscose, and other materials with similar qualities. It is napped to produce a plush surface similar to moleskin or chamois leather.
See also

Cantabrian chamois
Pyrenean chamois
Tatra chamois

References

Anderwald, P.; Ambarli, H.; Avramov, S.; Ciach, M.; Corlatti, L.; Farkas, A.; Papaioannou, H.; Peters, W.; Sarasa, M.; Šprem, N.; Weinberg, P. & Willisch, C. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Rupicapra rupicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39255A195863093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39255A195863093.en. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
"Il Camoscio d'Abruzzo". www.camosciodabruzzo.it.
"EUR-Lex - 31992L0043 - EN". eur-lex.europa.eu.
Current status of the Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) in Greece: Implications for conservation at Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
"Mineral Supply and Fertility of Chamois" (PDF).
Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09160-9.
Dan Gunderson. "ADW: Rupicapra rupicapra: INFORMATION". Animal Diversity Web.
"A Note on the Chamois in New Zealand at New Zealand Ecological Society" (PDF).
"Recreational hunting in Nelson/Marlborough - Chamois at the Department of Conservation" (PDF).
"Heritage Preservation (p. 40 and 45) at the Department of Conservation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
"Trophy Chamois Buck Hunting New Zealand Free Range Safari Park Record Horns". Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Tschohl, Christl. "Chamois goulosh: wild on wild". Montafan.at. Montafon Tourismus GmbH. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
"Beginners Chamois Hunting Guide".