Ratufa macroura

Ratufa macroura (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Rodentia
Subordo: Sciuromorpha

Familia: Sciuridae
Subfamilia: Ratufinae
Genus: Ratufa
Species: Ratufa macroura
Subspecies: R. m. dandolena – R. m. macroura – R. m. melanochra
Name

Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769)
Synonyms

Ratufa macroura sinhala Phillips, 1931
Ratufa macrurus albipes Blyth, 1859
Sciurus ceilonensis Boddaert, 1785
Sciurus ceylonicus Erxleben, 1777
Sciurus ceylonica (Erxleben, 1777)
Sciurus macrourus Pennant, 1769
Sciurus macrura Blanford, 1891
Sciurus tennentii Blyth, 1849
Sciurus zeylanicus Ray, 1693

References

Ratufa macroura in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769) (Near Threatened)

Vernacular names
čeština: Ratufa černoprstá
English: Grizzled Giant Squirrel

Familia: Sciuridae
Subfamilia: Ratufinae
Genus: Ratufa
Species: Ratufa macroura
Subspecies: R. m. dandolena – R. m. macroura – R. m. melanochra
Name

Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769)
Synonyms

References

Vernacular names
čeština: Ratufa černoprstá
English: Grizzled Giant Squirrel

The grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka, and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India.[4] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as near threatened due to habitat loss and hunting.
Etymology and common names

Grizzled giant squirrels are named for the white flecks of hair that cover their greyish-brown bodies, giving them a grizzled look.[5]
Description
Illustration of Ratufa macroura

R. macroura is the smallest of the giant squirrels found in the Indian subcontinent, with a head and body length of 25 to 45 cm (10–18 in), and tail measuring roughly the same or more, for a total length of 50 to 90 cm (20–35 in). It has small rounded ears with pointed tufts. The home range of an individual is between 1,970 and 6,110 m2 (21,200–65,800 sq ft).

Subspecies dandolena is dorsally brown grizzled with white. Ventrally light brownish cream. Tail frosted with white fur. Forehead and feet are black in color. Whereas ssp. melamochra, upper parts are jet black which contrast brownish cream to orange yellow ventral surface. Tail frosted with black fur. Snout of both ssp. are pinkish color.

Their vision is good, which aids them in detecting predators. Their sense of hearing is relatively poor.[6] The call is staccato and loud with repeated shrill cackle. It is usually uttered in morning and evening. A low "churr" is also used to communicate with nearby groups.

Hands are normally pentadactylous, with four digits and a rudimentary thumb. Fingers have large broad soft pads, where the inner pad is expanded for gripping while moving through branches. Feet are also comprised with soft pads with both fore and hind limbs possessing long, sharp claws.[6]
Distribution
Grizzled giant squirrel from Chinnar wildlife sanctuary

In India, R. macroura has been recorded from Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Theni Forest Division, Palni Hills, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Anaimalai Tiger reserve, Sirumalai, Thiruvannamalai Forest Division of the Eastern Ghats, Hosur Forest Division and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary.[7] The easternmost population of Ratufa macroura dandolena was discovered in the Pakkamalai Reserve Forest in eastern Tamil Nadu.[8]
Ratufa macroura macroura
Ratufa macroura melanochra

Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Shenbagathoppu, Srivilliputtur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Diet

Ratufa macroura are known to eat fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs, and the bark of some trees. The fruit of the climber Combretum ovalifolium is an especially important food source where it occurs. Young squirrels, upon first emerging from the nest, have been observed to feed exclusively on this fruit.[9]
Behavior

Unlike its relatives, the giant squirrel balances using its two hind feet, instead of its tail.

The species is almost entirely an arboreal, very rarely coming to the ground to escape from predators, to flee from an intruder, attack males of the territory, and connecting with females.[6]
Subspecies

The three subspecies are easily recognizable due to color distinctions. They are also geographically separated demes. The table below lists the three recognized subspecies of Ratufa macroura, along with any synonyms associated with each subspecies:[3]

According to Mammals of Sri Lanka, the three subspecies are identified as follows:

Ratufa macroura macroura

Males are 35 cm long and females with 37 cm. Tail is 37 cm long in males and 38 cm in females. Jet black dorsal area with a sheen. Rump with white grizzling appearance. Underparts brownish creamy to pale yellow. Tail is with dark black fur with white tip. Face has pink color in naked areas. Fur moderately long with few coarse hairs. Geographically, this subspecies is restricted to central highlands up to 2000m, such as Horton Plains.

Ratufa macroura dandolena

Males are 37 cm long and females 35 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 40 cm in females. Males are larger than females. Dorsal surface is brown instead of jet black in subsp. macroura. White rump. Distinct maroon tinge between shoulders. There is a brownish cream crown patch. Underparts are light brownish cream. Tail is dark brown and there is a reddish-brown tip. Fleshy parts of face are pink. Fur moderately long and coarse. Inhabit dry zone parts of the island, as well as India.

Ratufa macroura melanochra

Males are 35 cm long and females 37 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 38 cm in females. Upperparts are jet black with contrasting color variation with creamy yellowish ventral surface. Fur is shorter and coarser. Found in low country wet zone, and intermediate zones of the country.

**Ratufa macroura** **taxonomy**
Subspecies	Authority	Synonyms
R. m. macroura	Pennant (1769)	albipes, ceilonensis, ceylonica, macrura, montana, tennentii
R. m. dandolena	Thomas and Wroughton (1915)
R. m. melanochra	Thomas and Wroughton (1915)	none

References

de A. Goonatilake, W.L.D.P.T.S. (2019). "Ratufa macroura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T19381A22261644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T19381A22261644.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Family Sciuridae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 757. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Srinivasulu, C.; Chakraborty, S.; Pradhan, M.S. (February 2004). "Checklist of sciurids (mammalia: rodentia: sciuridae) of south Asia" (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation. 19 (2): 1356. ISSN 0973-2535. OCLC 61770409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-03. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
"Grizzled Giant Squirrel".
Yapa, A.; Ratnavira, G. (2013). Mammals of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka. p. 1012. ISBN 978-955-8576-32-8.
Babu, S.; Kalaimani, A. (26 February 2014). "New site record of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura from Thiruvannamalai Forest Division, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (2): 5492–5493. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3680.5492-3. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Vimalraj, S., K. Raman, D. A. Reddy, B. Harkrshnan, B. M. Krshnakumar, and K.M. Selvan (2018) "A new sight record and range exension of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura dandolena (Mammalia: Rodena: Sciurdae) in the Eastern Ghats of southern peninsular India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(1): 11240–11242; http:/doi.org/10.11609/jott.3932.10.1.11240-11242
Kane, E. (1999). "Ratufa macroura - Sri Lankan giant squirrel". Animal Diversity Wrb. University of Michigan, Dept of Zoology. Retrieved 1 June 2014.

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