Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yinpterochiroptera
Familia: Pteropodidae
Subfamilia: Pteropodinae
Tribus: Pteropodini
Genus: Pteropus
Species: Pteropus pselaphon
Name
Pteropus pselaphon Lay, 1829: 457
Type locality: Japan, Bonin Islands.
Synonyms
ursinus Temminck (ex Kittlitz), 1837
References
Primary references
Lay, G.T. 1829. Observations on a Species of Pteropus from Bonin. The Zoological Journal 4: 457–459. BHL
Links
IUCN: Pteropus pselaphon Lay, 1829 (Critically Endangered)
Pteropus pselaphon in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Conservation status: IUCN Red List
Distribution
Bonin and Volcano Islands (Japan)
Vernacular names
English: Bonin Flying Fox.
日本語: オガサワラオオコウモリ
The Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon), also known as Bonin fruit bat, is a species of flying fox in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to four islands (Chichijima, Hahajima, North Iwo Jima, and South Iwo Jima) of the Bonin Islands group, Japan. Its natural habitat is subtropical forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.[1]
Etymology
The Bonin flying fox was described by British naturalist George Tradescant Lay in 1829. He gave it the species name pselaphon as a reference to "the habit of feeling instead of seeing its way in the day time." Pselaphon is a Neo-Latin word from Ancient Greek psēlaphan 'to grope about'.[2][3]
Taxonomy
As the Pteropus genus is quite speciose, it is traditionally divided into closely related species groups, identified based on morphology. Traditionally, the Bonin flying fox has been the identifier of the pselaphon species group, of which there are several other members:
the extinct large Palau flying fox
Vanikoro flying fox
the extinct Guam flying fox
New Caledonia flying fox
Chuuk flying fox
White-winged flying fox[4]
However, adding in phylogenetic data places this species in a different group—the vampyrus group— which consists of:
Bonin flying fox
Ryukyu flying fox
Little golden-mantled flying fox
Rodrigues flying fox
Large flying fox
Indian flying fox
Lyle's flying fox
Aldabra flying fox
Madagascan flying fox
Seychelles fruit bat
Mauritian flying fox[5]
Description
Their fur is predominantly black and brown, with silver-tipped hairs interspersed.[6] Their uropatagium is almost completely furred across the dorsal side, but about half furred on its ventral side. The fur along the body is smooth but is frizzled around the head, neck, and shoulders. They have scroll-like nostrils. From their nose to the tip of the uropatagium, they are 254 mm (10.0 in) long. Their wingspan is 787 mm (31.0 in).[2] Their forearms are 132–143 mm (5.2–5.6 in) long. They weigh 403–587 g (14.2–20.7 oz).[7] Young bats (pups) have forearm lengths of less than 125 mm (4.9 in).[8] In captivity, they can live at least 16 years.[9]
Biology
Diet
This species is herbivorous. They eat fruits of the Manilkara genus and the Pandanus genus, including screw-pine and thatch screwpine.[2][10] When eating a piece of fruit, they will suck out the juices and discard the rest instead of consuming it entirely.[2] They consume ornamental plants including Agave americana.[10] They are also known to eat ferns, based on the presence of Asplenium spores in their guano.[11] Other components of their diet include soursop fruit, sugar-apples, banana fruits, leaves, and flowers, traveller's palm flowers, giant white bird of paradise flowers, pitahaya fruit, Indian-almond fruit, Java apple fruit and flowers, guava fruit, weeping paperbark flowers, Albany bottlebrush flowers, litchi fruit, key lime fruits, Meyer lemons, pomelos, grapefruit, amanatsu fruit, sweet oranges, tangerines, mangos, figs, and Chinese mulberries.[12]
Behavior
When foraging, they move slowly through the trees.[8] In the summer, individuals roost alone rather than in colonies.[8] In the winter, their colonies form unique, ball-shaped dense clusters during the daytime to conserve body heat.[7][8] Their winter colonies can have as many as 100 individuals. Bonin flying foxes do not have a strong fear of humans.[8] Bonin flying foxes are an animal species known to display homosexual behavior, with males observed performing fellatio on other males. This behavior occurs independently of social grooming, and one possible explanation for it is that it promotes colony formation for warmth among males who would otherwise repel each other during competition for females.[13]
Reproduction
Copulation is frequent in winter colonies, with as many as 27 instances observed per day in colonies with large proportions of female bats. During mating, the bats screech loudly, and males will lick the female's vulva. This species probably has the ability to breed year-round. Gestation is estimated at 5–7 months, after which the female gives birth to one pup. Pups are most frequently seen in August, though they have been observed in February, March, April, and December as well.[8]
Range and habitat
It is one of the northernmost species of flying foxes.[8] It is endemic to the Bonin Islands of Japan, including Chichijima and Hahajima; and the Iwo Islands, including North Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and South Iwo Jima.[14] They live in subtropical habitat. The islands where they are found have many steep hills[8]
Conservation
In 1994 and 1996, the Bonin flying fox was classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. In 2000, the classification was revised to critically endangered. In 2017, they were downlisted to endangered. They are considered endangered because their extent of occurrence is less than 100 km2 (39 sq mi), their habitat is severely fragmented, and the population is estimated at fewer than 250 mature individuals. In 1969, this species was listed as a Natural Monument of Japan. This law made it illegal to capture or hunt them.[1] The population of bats Chichijima Island was estimated at 150 individuals in 1997, but by 2002, it was estimated at only 65-80 individuals. Possible reasons for their decline include entanglement in agricultural nets and depredation by feral cats.[15] It is speculated that they are threatened by competition with invasive species, including rats, white-eyes, and honey bees.[16]
In captivity
This species has been kept at Tama Zoological Park in Tokyo in the past. One individual died in 1998 and another in 1999, and it is unclear if the species is still kept there or if there are attempts at a captive breeding program.[17][9]
Sources
Vincenot, C.E. (2017). "Pteropus pselaphon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T18752A22085351. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T18752A22085351.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Lay, George Tradescant (1829). "Observations on a Species of Pteropus from Bonin". The Zoological Journal. 4: 457–9. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
"Pselaphus." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 3 September 2017.
Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E., and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E., and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
Almeida, F. C., Giannini, N. P., Simmons, N. B., & Helgen, K. M. (2014). Each flying fox on its own branch: a phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 77, 83-95.
Yoshiyuki M. 1989. A systematic study of the Japanese Chiroptera. National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.
Abe M., Maeda K., Ishii N., Sano Y..1994. Distribution, feeding habit, and home range of Pteropus pselaphon. Annual Report of Ogasawara Research 18:4–43(in Japanese)
Sugita, N., Inaba, M., & Ueda, K. (2009). Roosting pattern and reproductive cycle of Bonin flying foxes (Pteropus pselaphon). Journal of Mammalogy, 90(1), 195-202.
Weigl, R. (2005). Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the living collections of the world.
Wiles, G. J., & Fujita, M. S. (1992, July). Food plants and economic importance of flying foxes on Pacific islands. In Pacific island flying foxes: Proceedings of an international conservation conference. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep (Vol. 90, No. 23, pp. 24-35).
Nakamura, T., Fujita, T., Suzuki, H., & Sugita, N. (2008). Pollen recovered from the feaces of the Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon Layard, 1829) on Minami-Iwo-To and Chichi-jima Islands. Japanese Journal of Palynology, 54, 53-60.
Inaba, M., Odamaki, M., Fujii, A., Takatsuki, S., Sugita, N., Fujita, T., & Suzuki, H. (2004). Food habits of Bonin flying foxes, Pteropus pselaphon, Layard 1829 on the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. Ogasawara Research, 30, 15-23.
Sugita, N. (2016). Homosexual Fellatio: Erect Penis Licking between Male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0166024.
Sugita, N., Ootsuki, R., Fujita, T., Murakami, N., & Ueda, K. (2013). Possible spore dispersal of a bird-Nest fern Asplenium setoi by Bonin flying foxes Pteropus pselaphon. Mammal study, 38(3), 225-229.
Inaba M., Takatsuki S., Ueda K., Izawa M., Suzuki H., Horikoshi K.. 2002. An urgent appeal for conservation of the Bonin flying fox, Pteropus pselaphon Layard, an endangered species. Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology 7:51–61 (in Japanese with English summary).
Welch, J. N., & Leppanen, C. (2017). The threat of invasive species to bats: a review. Mammal Review.
de Ruiter, Maarten (January–February 1999). "Endangered Flying Foxes could be Saved by Captive Breeding". International Zoo News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
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