Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yinpterochiroptera
Familia: Pteropodidae
Subfamilia: Pteropodinae
Tribus: Pteropodini
Genus: Pteropus
Species: Pteropus mariannus
Subspecies: P. m. mariannus – P. m. paganensis – P. m. ulthiensis
Name
Pteropus mariannus Desmarest, 1822
Type locality: West Pacific, Mariana Islands, Guam (USA).
Synonyms
vanikorensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1830
References
Desmarest. 1822. Mammalogie, in Encycl. MTth., 2 (Suppl.): 547.
Conservation status: IUCN Red List
Distribution
South Mariana Islands through Guam to Ulithi Island.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Marianen-Flughund
English: Marianas Flying Fox
suomi: Mariaanienlentäväkoira
The Mariana fruit bat (Pteropus mariannus), also known as the Mariana flying fox, and the fanihi in Chamorro, is a megabat found only in the Mariana Islands and Ulithi (an atoll in the Caroline Islands).[3] Habitat loss has driven it to endangered status, and it is listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Poaching, habitat loss, and the introduction of invasive species have contributed to the species' decline.
Description
The Mariana fruit bat is a mid-sized bat which weighs 0.6 to 1.1 lb (270 to 500 g), and has a forearm length of 5.3 to 6.1 in (13.4 to 15.6 cm). Males of the species are slightly larger in size than the females. Their abdomens are colored from black to brown, while also having gray hairs. The mantle and the neck are a brighter brown to golden brown color and the head varies from brown to black. Their ears are rounded and their eyes large, giving them the features of a canid, so many megabats are called flying foxes.[4]
Threats
The bat is considered a culinary delicacy by Chamorros. Eating fruit bats is linked to a neurological disease called lytico-bodig disease. Paul Alan Cox from the Hawaiian National Tropical Botanical Garden in Kalaheo, and Oliver Sacks from Albert Einstein College in New York, found the bats consumed large quantities of cycad seeds, and - like some eagles, which were shown to build up levels of the pesticide DDT in fat tissue - probably accumulate the toxins to dangerous levels.[5]
Conservation
The Mariana Fruit Bat was first proposed for review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in May 1979.[6] In 1983, the species was listed as an endangered species by the USFWS.[7] The draft of the recovery plan for the Mariana Fruit Bat was sent for review in 2010.[8]
In 2001, the population was estimated to number between 300 and 400 bats on Sarigan.[9] The current population numbers are unknown, but one known concentration is on Ritidian Point in Guam.[10] In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. [11]
Behavior
Johnson and Wiles described roosting behavior: "Sarigan's population differs from those of larger islands in the archipelago by usually having smaller roost sizes, typically 3–75 bats, and large numbers of solitary bats that at times comprise up to half of the population. Colonies and smaller aggregations were composed primarily of harems with multiple females, whereas a nearly equal sex ratio occurred among solitary animals."[9]
Subspecies
Pteropus mariannus has three subspecies:[3]
P. m. mariannus (Guam Mariana fruit bat)
P. m. paganensis (Pagan Mariana fruit bat)
P. m. ulthiensis (Ulithi Mariana fruit bat)
See also
Bat (food)
References
Mildenstein, T. (2020). "Pteropus mariannus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T188566753A22083400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T188566753A22083400.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
"Mariana fruit Bat (=Mariana flying fox) (Pteropus mariannus mariannus)" Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Online System
"Bat-Eating Linked to Neurological Illness", National Geographic, June 13, 2003
"Review of the Status of Ten Birds and Two Mammals from Guam" (PDF). Federal Register. 44 (98): 29023–29428. May 18, 1979. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
Federal Reserve. 47 (251): 58454. December 30, 1982 https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/federal_register_document/FR-1982-12-30.pdf. Retrieved 17 October 2023. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Federal Reserve. 75 (80): 15721. March 30, 2010 https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/federal_register_document/2010-7058.pdf. Retrieved 17 October 2023. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Johnson, Nathan C.; Wiles, Gary J. (October 2004). "Population size and natural history of Mariana fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) on Sarigan, Mariana Islands" (PDF). Pacific Science. 58 (4). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press: 585. doi:10.1353/psc.2004.0044. hdl:10125/2744. S2CID 84109386.
Maxfield, Barbara (2009-07-22). "Guam National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan Released for Public Review and Comment" (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-21. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
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