Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yinpterochiroptera
Familia: Pteropodidae
Subfamilia: Pteropodinae
Tribus: Pteropodini
Genus: Pteropus
Species: Pteropus hypomelanus
Subspecies: P. h. annectens – P. h. cagayanus – P. h. canus – P. h. condorensis – P. h. enganus – P. h. fretensis – P. h. geminorum – P. h. hypomelanus – P. h. lepidus – P. h. luteus – P. h. macassaricus – P. h. maris – P. h. robinsoni – P. h. satyrus – P. h. simalurus – P. h. tomesi
Name
Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853
Type locality: Indonesia, Molucca Islands, Ternate Island.
Synonyms
vociferous Peale, 1848
References
Temminck. 1853. Esquisses Zool. sur la Cote de Guine: 61.
Conservation status: IUCN Red List
Distribution
Andaman and Maldive Islands
New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands
Philippines
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Insel-Flughund
English: Variable Flying Fox
Bahasa Melayu: Keluang Pulau
The small flying fox, island flying fox or variable flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) is a species of flying fox in the family Pteropodidae.[2] It is found in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Maldives, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines the Solomon Islands, Thailand and Vietnam.[1]
Description
The small flying fox is quite variable in its colouring. The head is usually dark brown but can be yellowish-brown and is paler in the eastern part of the animal's range. The back is tawny-brown and the underparts some shade of buff. The ears are partially furred and the wing membranes are black. The fur is short on the back and medium-length on the underparts. This bat can be distinguished from the rather similar Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus) by the fact that its tibia are bare rather than covered with fur.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The small flying fox is native to islands in the Indo-Pacific region. Its range includes the Maldives, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Melanesia, the Philippines, Tioman Island, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is found at altitudes of up to about 900 metres (3,000 ft). In many parts of its range it roosts in small outlying islands and flies to larger bodies of land to forage at night.[1]
Biology
Small flying foxes feed mostly on the fruit of native and introduced trees but also consume flowers and nectar. The diet includes pawpaws, mangos, jambul, bananas, figs, flowers of the kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) and the banyan, tree and flowers and fruits of cultivated crops. They consume about half their body weight each day.[3]
These bats become sexually mature at about one year of age. The breeding season varies according to location and the gestation period is about 200 days. A single pup is born which is weaned at about six weeks but remains dependent on its mother for a further four months or so.[3] In two instances, twins have been documented—once in 2009 and once in 2017. Both sets of twins were born at Lubee Bat Conservancy in Gainesville, Florida.[4]
The small flying fox is known to be preyed upon by the white-bellied sea eagle, which has been recorded hunting the bats by dropping them into the sea repeatedly.[5]
Status
The small flying fox is rated as being near-threatened by the IUCN. It has a wide range and is generally abundant and faces no major threats as a whole. In some areas it is threatened by deforestation and tourism-related activities and in the Philippines and elsewhere it is hunted for food. It is also regarded as a pest by farmers whose crops are raided.
References
Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus hypomelanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18729A22081642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18729A22081642.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
Jones, Deborah P., and Thomas H. Kunz. "Pteropus hypomelanus." Mammalian Species (2000): 1-6.
Ouillette, R. (2006). "Pteropus hypomelanus: variable flying fox". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
"Rare Twins Born at Lubee...and You Can Name Them!". lubee.org. Lubee Bat Conservancy. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. "Lubee Bat Conservancy is proud to announce the recent births of several pups, including Variable flying fox twins. This is only the second ever documented case of twins in this species. The first occurred at Lubee in 2009."
Aziz, S.A.; Chua, M.A.H.; Clements, G.R. (2019). "Catch and release: Novel predation strategy by white-bellied sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) on island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) in Peninsular Malaysia demonstrates flying fox swimming ability". Journal of Bat Conservation & Research. 12 (1): 64–66. doi:10.14709/BarbJ.12.1.2019.09.
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