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Procapra gutturosa

Procapra gutturosa

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Ruminantia
Cladus: Pecora
Superfamilia: Bovoidea

Familia: Bovidae
Subfamilia: Antilopinae
Genus: Procapra
Species: Procapra gutturosa
Name

Procapra gutturosa (Pallas, 1777)

Type locality: "Intra Siberiae limites maxime Dauuriam transmontanum, campos dico circa Ononem and Argunum, frequentat" (Russia, SE Transbaikalia, Chitinsk. Obl., upper Onon River).
Synonyms

Antelope gutturosa Pallas, 1777
Antelope orientalis Erxleben, 1777
Procapra altaica Hollister, 1913

References

Pallas, P. S. 1777-1780. Spicilegia zoologica, guibus novae imprimus et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur cura P. S. Pallas. Fasc. 12. Berolini, prostant apud. Gottl. August. Langed, 12: 46.
Erxleben, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, veriatates. Synonymia et historia animalium. Classis l. Mammalia. Lipsiae, Impensis weygandianis: 288.
Hollister, N. 1913. Description of a new gazelle from north-western Mongolia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 60 : 1.
Sokolov, V. E., and A. A. Lushchekina, 1997. Procapra gutturosa. Mammalian Species, 571: 1–5.

Links

Procapra gutturosa in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Procapra gutturosa (Pallas, 1777) (Least Concern)
Procapra gutturosa (Pallas, 1777) – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names
беларуская: Мангольскі дзэрэн
Deutsch: Mongolische Gazelle
English: Mongolian gazelle, Dzeren
español: Gacela de Mongolia, Zeren
français: Gazelle à queue blanche
magyar: Mongol gazella
polski: Gazela mongolska

Procapra gutturosa

The Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), or dzeren (Russian: Дзерэн), is a medium-sized antelope native to the semiarid Central Asian steppes of Mongolia, southern Siberia and northern China. The name dzeren is the Russian spelling and pronunciation of the Mongolian word zeer (Mongolian: Зээр), or the Buryat zeeren (Buryat: Зээрэн).
Description

While the dzeren and its two sister-species (the Tibetan gazelle or goa and the rare Przewalski's gazelle of Qinghai, China) are commonly referred to as “gazelles”, they are not technically “true” gazelles, as they are not placed within the Gazella genus. Rather, these three procaprid antelope species are placed together in their own genus, Procapra, falling under the tribe of Antilopini (of the subfamily Antilopinae), under the greater Bovidae family of the Artiodactyla Order. In general, the dzeren are fluffier-coated than true gazelles, possessing an almost “teddy bear”-like appearance, as opposed to the sleek and smooth, deer-like qualities of Gazella and other species. The dzeren's face is somewhat more comparable to a Chinese water deer than a true gazelle.

In the summer, the dzeren has coat of tawny light brown with pale pinkish tones, which grows thicker, longer and paler during the winter. It also has a distinctive, heart-shaped white patch on its rump area, divided by a median line of darker color. The male has lyre-shaped horns which curl backwards from the forehead. It is an extremely capable long-distance runner and a good swimmer.
Historical (light green) and present range (dark green)

In the winter, they are mostly diurnal, but in the summer, they are active shortly after sunrise and before sunset. They tend to travel a lot, and migrations takes place in spring and autumn, but the distance and direction vary depending on the weather and food availability.

The groups usually consists of 20-30 individuals in the summer, and 100 in the winter. However, herds up to 5,000 individuals are not unusual. They still exist in large numbers, with a small captive population; the population trend is unknown. In 2007, a mega-herd of a quarter of a million Mongolian gazelles was seen gathering on the country's steppes, one of the world's last great wildernesses.[3]

The mating season is in the late autumn or winter; at this time, the males' throats swell in a goiter-like effect. Competition is vigorous, but fights rarely break out. The gestation period lasts for about 5–6 months. Births occur is June and July, when groups of dozens of females separate from the herd to give birth, rejoining the herd afterward. They usually give birth to a single young and occasionally twins. They weigh about 3 kg and can keep up with their mother after a few days. They will be able to mate after 17–18 months.[4]
Relationship with humans

The Mongolian gazelle is still one of the most numerous large animals in the world, with the total population around 1.5 million individuals, but roughly 100,000 are killed each year. However, the conservation status is at least concern. Whether the population is increasing or decreasing is unknown, but the population is known to be subject to significant fluctuations due to diseases and severe winters. They have been hunted for millennia—a passage in the 13th-century Secret History of the Mongols tells how a young Shigi Qutuqu managed to round up a herd of gazelles in a winter blizzard.[5]
References

IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Procapra gutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18232A115142812. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18232A50193126.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
BioLib
BBC: Largest herd of gazelles sighted
Ultimateungulate.com
Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). "Sigi Qutuqu (c. 1180–c. 1260)". In de Rachewiltz, Igor (ed.). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 77.

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