Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Ferae
Cladus: Pancarnivora
Cladus: Carnivoramorpha
Cladus: Carnivoraformes
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Feliformia
Familia: Felidae
Subfamilia: †Proailurinae
Genus: †Proailurus
Species: †P. bourbonnensis – † P. lemanensis – †P. major
Name
Proailurus Filhol, 1879: 192
References
Primary references
Filhol, H. 1879. Étude des mammifères fossiles de Saint-Gérand le Puy (Allier). Annales des sciences géologiques 10 Art. 3: 1–252. BnF Gallica Open access Reference page.
Additional references
Peigné, S. 1999. Proailurus, l’un des plus anciens Felidae (Carnivora) d’Eurasie: systématique et évolution. Bull. Soc. hist. nat. Toulouse 135: 125–134. ResearchGate Reference page.
Werdelin, L., Yamaguchi, N., Johnson, W.E. & O'Brien, S.J. 2010. Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae). Pp. 59–82. In Macdonald, D.W. & Loveridge, A.J. (eds) Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. ResearchGate Reference page.
Links
Proailurus – Taxon details on Fossilworks.
Proailurus is an extinct felid genus that lived in Europe and Asia approximately 25-30.8 million years ago in the Late Oligocene and Miocene. Fossils have been found in Mongolia, Germany, and Spain.
Etymology
The generic name Proailurus comes from the Greek πρό pro, meaning 'before', and αἴλουρος ailuros, meaning 'cat'.[citation needed] The specific name of P. bourbonnensis simply means "from the Bourbonnais".[1]
Description
Proailurus lemanensis was a compact and small animal, just a little larger than the domestic cat, weighing about 20 lb (9 kg). It had a long tail, large eyes and sharp claws and teeth, with similar proportions to the modern viverrids. Its claws would have been retractable to some extent. Like the viverrids, Proailurus was at least partially arboreal.[2]
Proailurus major is estimated to have been significantly larger, about 23 kg. The p4 tooth is stronger and the m1 is less elongated than in P. lemanensis.[1]
Proailurus bourbonnensis was a smaller species, estimated to have been 7-10 kg. Of the teeth, the p1 is wholly missing, and the m1 was slightly less elongated and the m2 less reduced than in P. lemanensis.[1]
Classification
The genus Proailurus was first described by Henri Filhol in 1879 for fossils found in the Saint-Gerand site in France. He named two species, Proailurus lemanensis, based on a mandible, and Proailurus julieni.[3] However, P. julieni was later placed in the genus Stenogale.[4][5]
In 1882, Filhol described a third species, Proailurus medius.[6] In 1888, Schlosser made "P." medius the type species of the genus Haplogale.[7] Haplogale media's placement was later confirmed by Robert Hunt's 1998 studies of aeluroid skulls.[8]
In 1999, Peigné carried out a systematic review of the genus, naming another two species, P. bourbonnensis and P. major, in the process. P. major was based on a single specimen, a left mandible from Quercy and Mainz, while P. bourbonnensis was based on a number of lower mandibles and teeth, as well as a left maxilla.[1][9]
Distribution and species
Fossils of Proailurus lemanensis were first found in Saint-Gerand and later in Quercy.[8] Robert Hunt, while measuring fragmentary fossils from Hasanda-Gol in Mongolia, placed a lower jaw fragment as Proailurus sp.,[8] but Peigne placed the fragment in nimravid genus Eofelis instead, which later authors supported,[1][9] although at least one suggested the fragment could be assigned to Pseudaelurus cuspidatus instead.[10]
P. major and P. bourbonnensis are both known from a single locality each: P. major from Saint-Gérand-le-Puy and P. bourbonnensis from Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, Weisbaden-Amoneburg, and Budenheim (where it is the only Proailurus species known from the Mainz Basin).[1]
Proailurus is located in Earth
Budenheim and Heßler quarries
Budenheim and Heßler quarries
Cetina de Aragon
Cetina de Aragon
Hsanda Gol Formation
Hsanda Gol Formation
Coderet
Coderet
Ginn Quarry
Ginn Quarry
Location of Proailurus fossil finds based on Paleobiology Database. Red, Proailurus lemanensis; orange, Proailurus sp.; yellow, Proailurus-like felid (Hunt, 1998).
Several fossils believed to be Proailurus-grade material have been found in North America, including the Ginn Quarry cat, known from a complete skull, which has dentition similar to Proailurus lemanensis but with a slightly larger skull. Robert Hunt also noted several specimens that he believed belonged to Proailurus-grade felids, including a pair from the Sheep Creek site in Nebraska, one a lynx-sized felid, the other closer in size to a leopard; another individual from an East Cuyumungue locality, possibly the same species as the larger Sheep Creek specimen; and another specimen from Echo Quarry.[8] However, the larger Sheep Creek specimen, the East Cuyumungue individual, and the Echo Quarry specimen were all described and assigned to the species Hyperailurictis validus in 2001,[11] and the smaller Sheep Creek material to Pseudaelurus skinneri in 2003.[12] The Ginn Quarry cat was described, but not assigned to any taxa, in 2019; though the authors did state that "it should not be dismissed as a 'proailurine-grade' felid" and suggested placing it in Hyperailurictis (despite being considerably older than any known Hyperailurictis) or a new genus.[13]
Evolution
Proailurus is believed to have evolved from earlier ailuroid carnivorans such as Stenogale and Haplogale.[8] It is a likely ancestor of Pseudaelurus, which lived 20-10 million years ago, and probably gave rise to the major felid lines, including the extinct machairodontines and the extant felines and pantherines, although the phylogeny of the cats is still not precisely known.[14]
Proailurus is largely considered to be the first "true" cat and the ancestor of the entire cat family. Most studies support this, placing Proailurus as the basal member of the Felidae.[15] One 2005 phylogeny placed it as a basal member of the Feliformia,[16] but later studies do not support this.[9]
References
Peigné, Stéphane (1999). "Proailurus, l'un des plus anciens Felidae (Carnivora) d'Eurasie: systématique et évolution". Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse. 135: 125–134.
Turner, Alan; Antón, Mauricio (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5.
Filhol, Henri (1879). "Étude des mammifères fossiles de Saint-Gérand le Puy (Allier)". Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles. 19 (1): 1–252.
Tielhard de Chardin, P. (1915). "Les carnassiers des phosphorites du Quercy". Ann. Paléontol. 9 (3, 4): 1–90.
Viret, J. (1929). "Les faunes des mammifères de l'Oligocene Supérieur de la Limagne Bourbonnaise". Ann. Univ. Lyon. Nouv. Sér. 47: 1–328.
Filhol, Henri (1882). Mémoire sur quelques mammifères fossiles des phosphorites du Quercy. Ann. Soc. sci. phys. nat, Toulouse. Toulouse: Impr. Vialelle et cie. pp. 1–140. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.86309. OCLC 20838884.
Schlosser, M. (1888). "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des Europaischen Tertiars". Beitr. Palaontol. Osterreich-Ungamns. 7 (Part II): 371–372.
Hunt, Robert M. (1998). "Evolution of the Aeluroid Carnivora: Diversity of the Earliest Aeluroids from Eurasia (Quercy, Hsanda-Gol) and the Origin of Felids". American Museum Novitates (3252). hdl:2246/3156.
Werdelin, Lars; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Johnson, Warren; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In D.W. Macdonald; A.J. Loveridge (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 9780199234455.
Rothwell, Tom (2004). "New Felid Material from the Ulaan Tologoi Locality, Loh Formation (Early Miocene) of Mongolia". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 285: 157–165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.616.5669. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0157:C>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090. S2CID 85951519.
Rothwell, Tom (2001). "A partial skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3342): 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)342<0001:APSOPC>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 54211452.
Rothwell, Tom (2003). "Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3403): 1–64. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 67753626.
Lyras, G.A.; Giannakopoulou, A.; Werdelin, L. (2019). "The brain anatomy of an early Miocene felid from Ginn Quarry (Nebraska, USA)". PalZ. 93 (2): 345–355. doi:10.1007/s12542-018-00444-9. S2CID 150052167.
Christiansen, Per (2008). "Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters". Cladistics. 24 (6): 977–992. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x. PMID 34892880. S2CID 84497516.
Rothwell, Tom (2003). "Phylogenetic Systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)". American Museum Novitates (2403): 1–64. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2829. S2CID 67753626.
Wesley-Hunt, Gina D.; Flynn, John J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 145 (3): 1–28. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00194.x.
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