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Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
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Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Haplorhini
Infraordo: Simiiformes
Parvordo: Catarrhini
Superfamilia: Cercopithecoidea

Familia: Cercopithecidae
Subfamilia: Colobinae
Tribus: Presbytini
Genus: Presbytis
Species: P. bicolor - P. canicrus - P. comata - P. chrysomelas - P. femoralis - P. frontata - P. hosei - P. melalophos - P. mitrata - P. natunae - P. percura - P. potenziani - P. robinsoni - P. rubicunda - P. sabana - P. siberu - P. siamensis - P. sumatrana - P. thomasi
Name

Presbytis Eschscholtz, 1821

Type species: Presbytis mitrata Eschscholtz, 1821 (= Simia melalophos Raffles, 1821)
Synonyms

Corypithecus Trouessart, 1879
Lophopitheus Trouessart, 1879
Presbypitheus Trouessart, 1879

Comments

Does not include Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus, pace McKenna and Bell (1997; see Brandon-Jones [1984]; Groves [1989, 2001c]; Hooijer [1962:20-24]). Szalay and Delson (1979:402) included these and Kasi as subgenera.
References

Weitzel, V.; Groves, C.P. 1985: The nomenclature and taxonomy of the colobine monkeys of Java. International journal of primatology, 6: 399-409. ISSN: 0164-0291 (Print) 1573-8604 (Online) DOI: 10.1007/BF02736386
Presbytis in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Mützenlanguren
English: Surilis, Capped Langurs, Leaf Monkeys
Nederlands: Echte langoeren
русский: Лангуры
svenska: Langurer

Presbytis is a genus of Old World monkeys also known as langurs, leaf monkeys, or surilis. Members of the genus live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra, Borneo, Java and smaller nearby islands.[1]
Description

Surilis are rather small, slimly built primates. Their fur at the top is brown, grey, black, or orange, and at the lower surface whitish or greyish, sometimes also orange, with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips.[2][3] Their German name of Mützenlanguren ("capped langurs") comes from the hair on their head, which forms a tuft. They differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head (particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges, and the prominent nasal bones),[2] in the teeth, and by the size of their small thumbs. Surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm (with a 50- to 85-cm-long tail) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg.[2]
Behaviour

Diurnal forest dwellers, they spend nearly their entire lives in the trees. They live in groups of up to 21 animals (typically 10 or fewer animals in most species) consisting of a male, several females, and their young.[3] A few species have been observed in monogamous pairings (particularly the Mentawai langur),[3] although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat. Lone males and all-male groups have also been reported.[2] The groups are hierarchically developed, with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural.
Diet

The surilis' diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds.[3]
Breeding

Gestation time is 5–6 months, and births are typically of single young. Newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back, although some have a cross-shaped mark. By one year old, the young are weaned and at an age of 4–5 years, they are fully mature. The typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species, but captive Sumatran surilis have lived more than 18 years.[2]
Conservation

Several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction, and are also threatened by hunting. Consequently, 16 of the 19 species are rated as vulnerable or worse by IUCN,[4] and the Sarawak surili has been referred to as "one of the rarest primates in the world."[5] Recently, a subspecies of Hose's langur called Miller's grizzled langur, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in the Wehea Forest on the eastern tip of Borneo island,[6] though it remains one of the world's most endangered primates.[7]
Taxonomy

Two other genera, Trachypithecus and Semnopithecus, were formerly considered subgenera of Presbytis.[1] The species-level taxonomy of Presbytis is complex, and significant changes have been proposed for several in recent years.[1][8][9][10]

Genus Presbytis – Eschscholtz, 1821 – nineteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black Sumatran langur


P. sumatrana
(S. Müller & Schlegel, 1841)		 Island of Sumatra in Indonesia Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers[12]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[12]
Black-and-white langur


P. bicolor
Aimi & Bakar, 1992		 Island of Sumatra Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[13]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  DD 


Unknown Unknown[13]
Black-crested Sumatran langur

Gray and brown monkey

 P. melalophos
(Raffles, 1821)		 Island of Sumatra
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[14]

Diet: Fruits and leaves, as well as seeds and flowers[15]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[14]
East Sumatran banded langur


P. percura
Lyon, 1908		 Island of Sumatra Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[16]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  CR 


Unknown Population declining[16]
Hose's langur

Drawing of gray monkey

 P. hosei
(Thomas, 1889)		 Borneo
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Leaves, unripe fruits, seeds, flowers, bird eggs and nestlings[17]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[17]
Javan surili

Gray monkey

 P. comata
(Desmarest, 1822)

Two subspecies
  • P. c. comata
  • P. c. fredericae
 Island of Java in Indonesia
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[18]

Diet: Leaves, as well as fruits, flowers, and seeds[18]		  VU 


5,500 Population declining[18]
Maroon leaf monkey

Brown monkey

 P. rubicunda
(S. Müller, 1838)

Five subspecies
  • P. r. carimatae
  • P. r. chrysea
  • P. r. ignita
  • P. r. rubicunda
  • P. r. rubida
 Borneo
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[19]

Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers and pith[19]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[19]
Siberut langur

Gray monkey

 P. siberu
(Chasen & Kloss, 1928)		 Island of Siberut in Indonesia
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[20]
Mentawai langur


P. potenziani
(Bonaparte, 1856)		 Mentawai islands in Indonesia
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  CR 


Unknown Population declining[21]
Miller's langur

Gray monkey

 P. canicrus
G. S. Miller, 1934		 Eastern Borneo (in light green)
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[22]
Mitered langur

P. mitrata
Eschscholtz, 1821		 Island of Sumatra Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[23]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[23]
Natuna Island surili


P. natunae
(Thomas & Hartert, 1894)		 Island of Natuna Besar in Indonesia
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[24]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  VU 


9,000 Population declining[24]
Raffles' banded langur

Gray monkey

 P. femoralis
(Martin, 1838)		 Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  CR 


200–250 Population declining[25]
Robinson's banded langur

Gray monkey

 P. robinsoni
Thomas, 1910		 Southern Malay Peninsula
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[26]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[26]
Sabah grizzled langur


P. sabana
(Thomas, 1893)		 Eastern Borneo (in dark brown)
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[27]
Sarawak surili

Drawing of gray and brown monkeys

 P. chrysomelas
(S. Müller, 1838)

Two subspecies
  • P. c. chrysomelas
  • P. c. cruciger
 Northern Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[5]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  CR 


Unknown Population declining[5]
Thomas's langur

Gray monkey

 P. thomasi
(Collett , 1893)		 Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia
Map of range		 Size: 42–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and seeds, as well as flowers, bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects[28]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[29]
White-fronted surili

Brown monkey

 P. frontata
(S. Müller, 1838)		 Borneo
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[30]
White-thighed surili

Gray monkey

 P. siamensis
(S. Müller & Schlegel, 1838)

Four subspecies
  • P. s. cana
  • P. s. paenulata
  • P. s. rhionis
  • P. s. siamensis
 Southeastern Asia
Map of range		 Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves[11]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[31]

References

Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Novak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7
IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 2008-12-15.
Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39803A17955321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39803A17955321.en.
The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, Friday 20 January 2012: 'Extinct' monkey rediscovered in Indonesia jungle.
"'Extinct' monkey still lives in Borneo". CBC News.
Meyer, Dirk; Rinaldi, Ir. Dones; Ramlee, Hatta; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Hodges, Keith; Roos, Christian (2011). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821) with implications for taxonomy and conservation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 311–319. Bibcode:2011MolPE..59..311M. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.015. PMID 21333742. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
Ang, A.; Roesma, D.I.; Nijman, V.; Meier, R.; Srivathsan, A. & Rizaldi (2020). "Faecal DNA to the rescue: Shotgun sequencing of non-invasive samples reveals two subspecies of Southeast Asian primates to be Critically Endangered Species". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9396. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.9396A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8. PMC 7287133. PMID 32523128.
Abdul-Latiff MAB; Baharuddin H; Abdul-Patah P; Md-Zain BM (2019). "Is Malaysia's banded langur, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, actually Presbytis neglectus neglectus? Taxonomic revision with new insights on the radiation history of the Presbytis species group in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Primates. 60 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0699-y. PMID 30471014. S2CID 254160597.
Nowak 1999, pp. 599–600
Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis sumatranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136912A17986913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136912A17986913.en.
Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39812A206547286. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39812A206547286.en.
Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis melalophos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39811A17954271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39811A17954271.en.
Tedesco, Dana (2006). "Presbytis melalophos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
Rizaldi, Ang; A., Kurnia; I., Prasetio; I., Nijman; V., Setiawan; A., Boonratana; R. (2021). "Presbytis percura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39805A205841390. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39805A205841390.en.
Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Presbytis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T175648870A195370322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T175648870A195370322.en.
Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Ang, A. (2022). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T210369485A210370097. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210369485A210370097.en.
Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D. A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18131A17953935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en.
Quinten, M; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Cheyne, S. M.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39816A17986963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39816A17986963.en.
Setiawan, A.; Quinten, M; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis potenziani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39815A17954456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39815A17954456.en.
Cheyne, S.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Presbytis canicrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39808A200247353. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39808A200247353.en.
Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis mitrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39813A17986718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39813A17986718.en.
Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136500A17955492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136500A17955492.en.
Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2022). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T39801A215090780. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39801A215090780.en.
Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis robinsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39806A205875703. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39806A205875703.en.
Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis sabana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39810A17987041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39810A17987041.en.
Matthews, Mika (2004). "Presbytis thomasi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18132A17954139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18132A17954139.en.
Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E. (2020). "Presbytis frontata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18127A17954836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18127A17954836.en.

Ang, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18134A17953755. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18134A17953755.en.

Sources

Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.

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