Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Subordo: Suina
Familia: Tayassuidae
Genus: †Platygonus
Species: P. bicalcaratus - P. brachirostris - P. compressus - P. oregonensis - P. pearcei - P. vetus
Name
Platygonus Le Conte, 1848
Platygonus ("flat head" in reference to the straight shape of the forehead)[1] is an extinct genus of herbivorous peccaries of the family Tayassuidae, endemic to North and South America from the Miocene through Pleistocene epochs (10.3 million to 11,000 years ago), existing for about 10.289 million years.[2] P. compressus stood 2.5 feet (0.76 meters) tall.[3][4]
Restoration
Description
Most Platygonus species were similar in size to modern peccaries especially giant peccary, at around 1 m (3.3 ft) in body length, and had long legs, allowing them to run well. They also had a pig-like snout and long tusks which were probably used to fend off predators.[5]
Taxonomy
While long thought to be the sister-lineage to the Chacoan peccary based on morphological similarities, a 2017 ancient DNA study which recovered mitochondrial DNA from Platygonus found that all living peccaries are more closely related to each other than they are to Platygonus. The estimated divergence between Platygonus and all living peccaries was placed in the Miocene, around 22 million years ago.[6]
Ecology
Like modern peccaries, Platygonus is thought to have lived in herds. Their remains are particularly abundant in caves, suggesting that they regularly used them. A study on the population structure of a population of P. compressus from Bat Cave, Missouri found that they had a similar demographic structure to modern peccaries, dominated by young adults, with a progressive attenuation of older adults due to predation and old-age, up to a maximum age of around 10 years.[7] Platygonus is thought to have consumed tough foliage like leaves and grass.[8]
Distribution
During the Late Pleistocene, Platygonus was most common in Eastern North America, with records in the Great Plains and western North America being more sparse.[9] In South America, Platygonus ranged from Colombia to Argentina.[10]
Taxonomy
Platygonus compressus skull in The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
Platygonus was named by John Lawrence LeConte in 1848 for fossils found in Pleistocene karst deposits in Illinois, which are now preserved in the Academy of National Sciences in Philadelphia.
The following species of Platygonus have been described:[2]
P. bicalcaratus (nomen dubium)
P. brachirostris
P. chapadmalensis
P. cinctus
P. compressus (type)
P. kraglievichi
P. marplatensis
P. narinoensis
P. oregonensis
P. pearcei
P. pollenae
P. scagliae
P. setiger
P. striatus
P. texanus
P. vetus
Fossil localities
Fossils of Platygonus have been found in:[2]
Miocene
Sheep Creek Formation, Nebraska
Chapadmalalan
Chapadmalal Formation, Argentina
Hemphillian
Beecher Island, Colorado
Edson Beds, Kansas
Rancho Viejo Beds, Mexico
Devil's Nest Airstrip, Ogallala Group, Nebraska
McKay and Rattlesnake Formations, Oregon
Miami Quarry, Texas
Blancan
Gila Conglomerate and St. David Formation, Arizona
Palm Spring and San Diego Formations, California
Tamiami Formation, Florida
Glenns Ferry Formations, Idaho
Ballard, Rexroad and Crooked Creek Formations, Kansas
Rancho Viejo Beds, Mexico
Tequixquiac, Mexico
Panaca Formation, Nevada
Camp Rice Formation, New Mexico
Blanco and Love Formations, Texas
Ringold Formation, Washington
Plio-Pleistocene
Cocha Verde, Taminango, Colombia[11]
Pleistocene
Tarija Formation, Bolivia
Palm Spring and Turlock Lake Formations, California
Bermont and Wicomico Formations, Florida
Yarbrough Cave, Georgia
American Falls Lake Bed E Formation, Idaho
Galena, Illinois (type locality)[12]
Harrodsburg Crevice, Indiana
Turin Pit, Iowa
Kingsdown and Crooked Creek Formations, Kansas
Welch Cave, Kentucky
Cumberland Bone Cave and Bushey Cavern, Maryland
Tacubaya Formation, Mexico
Geddes Lake barrow pit, Michigan
Little Beaver Cave, Jacob's Cave, and Zoo Cave, Missouri
Sappa Formation, Nebraska
Dry Cave, New Mexico
Sheriden Cave, Ohio
Holloman Gravel Pit, Oklahoma
Fossil Lake, Oregon
Hanover Quarry and Platygonus vetus type locality, Pennsylvania
Hot Springs Mammoth Site, South Dakota
Laubach Cave, Seymour, Tule and Shuler Formations, Texas
Early's Cave, Gardner's Cave, New Quarry Cave, Vickers Cave, Ruffners Cave, Virginia
Hamilton Cave, Trout Cave, Poorfarm Cave, Patton Cave, West Virginia
Wellsch Valley, Saskatchewan
Old Crow Flats, Yukon[13]
References
iconPaleontology portalPrehistoric mammals portal
"Peccary". Idaho Museum of Natural History. November 2002. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
Platygonus in the Paleobiology Database
Perry, Tahlia; van Loenen, Ayla L.; Heiniger, Holly; Lee, Carol; Gongora, Jaime; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J. (July 2017). "Ancient DNA analysis of the extinct North American flat-headed peccary (Platygonus compressus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 112: 258–267. Bibcode:2017MolPE.112..258P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.024. ISSN 1095-9513. PMID 28363818.
"Flat-headed Peccary | Explore the Ice Age Midwest". iceage.museum.state.il.us. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
Palmer 1999, p. 269
Perry, Tahlia; van Loenen, Ayla L.; Heiniger, Holly; Lee, Carol; Gongora, Jaime; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J. (July 2017). "Ancient DNA analysis of the extinct North American flat-headed peccary (Platygonus compressus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 112: 258–267. Bibcode:2017MolPE.112..258P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.024. PMID 28363818.
Woodruff, Aaron L.; Schubert, Blaine W. (2019-07-04). "Seasonal denning behavior and population dynamics of the late Pleistocene peccary Platygonus compressus (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) from Bat Cave, Missouri". PeerJ. 7: e7161. doi:10.7717/peerj.7161. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6612422. PMID 31308997. S2CID 196610507.
Bradham, Jennifer L.; DeSantis, Larisa R.G.; Jorge, Maria Luisa S.P.; Keuroghlian, Alexine (June 2018). "Dietary variability of extinct tayassuids and modern white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari ) as inferred from dental microwear and stable isotope analysis". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 499: 93–101. Bibcode:2018PPP...499...93B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.020. S2CID 134099913.
Wilson, Kurt M.; Hill, Matthew G. (November 2020). "Synthesis and assessment of the flat-headed peccary record in North America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 248: 106601. Bibcode:2020QSRv..24806601W. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106601. S2CID 224865922.
Gasparini, Germán M.; Moreno-Mancilla, Oscar F.; Cómbita, José L. (2021-03-29). "Selenogonus narinoensis Stirton, 1947 (Tayassuidae, Cetartiodactyla, Mammalia): taxonomic status and paleobiogeographic implications". Fossil Record. 24 (1): 65–75. Bibcode:2021FossR..24...65G. doi:10.5194/fr-24-65-2021. hdl:11336/164845. ISSN 2193-0074. S2CID 233421048.
Cocha Verde at Fossilworks.org
Galena at Fossilworks.org
[1] at ResearchGate.org
Bibliography
Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9.
Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
Further reading
Mendoza, M.; Janis, C. M.; Palmqvist, P. (2006). "Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates: a study on the use of multiple regression" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (1): 90–101. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.541.9021. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00094.x. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
