Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Pilosa
Classis: Mammalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Pilosa
Subordines: Folivora - Vermilingua
Name
Pilosa Flower, 1883: 184
Synonymy
Edentata Vicq-d'Azyr, 1792
References
Primary references
Flower, W.H. 1883. On the Arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 178–186. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.K. (eds.). 1997. Classification of mammals: above the species level. Columbia University Press: New York. xii + 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Google Books Reference page.
Gardner, A.L. 2005. Order Pilosa. Pp. 100–103 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) . Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Zahnarme
English: Pilosa
日本語: 有毛目
한국어: 유모목(有毛目)
polski: włochacze
Türkçe: Dişsiz memeliler
中文: 披毛目
The order Pilosa /paɪˈloʊsə/ is a clade of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. It includes anteaters and sloths (which include the extinct ground sloths). The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy".[2]
Origins and taxonomy
The biogeographic origins of the Pilosa are still unclear,[3] but they can be traced back in South America as far as the early Paleogene (about 60 million years ago, only a short time after the end of the Mesozoic Era). The presence of these animals in Central America and their former presence in North America is a result of the Great American Interchange. A number of sloths were also formerly present on the Antilles, which they reached from South America by some combination of rafting or floating with the prevailing currents.
Together with the armadillos, which are in the order Cingulata, pilosans are part of the larger superorder Xenarthra, a defining characteristic of which is the presence of xenarthrals (extra formations between lumbar vertebrae). In the past, Pilosa was regarded as a suborder of the order Xenarthra, while some more recent classifications regard Pilosa as an order within the superorder Xenarthra. Earlier still, both armadillos and pilosans were classified together with pangolins and the aardvark as the order Edentata (meaning toothless, because the members do not have front incisor teeth or molars, or have poorly developed molars). Edentata was subsequently realized to be polyphyletic; it contained unrelated families and was thus invalid.
Classification
Main article: List of pilosans
Taxonomy
Restoration of the ground sloth Nothrotheriops
Order Pilosa
- Suborder Vermilingua Illiger 1811 em. Gray 1869 (Anteaters)
- Family Cyclopedidae Pocock 1924 (Silky anteaters)
- Family Myrmecophagidae Gray 1825
- Suborder Folivora Delsuc et al. 2001[4] (Sloths)
- Superfamily †Megalocnoidea Delsuc et al. 2019
- Family †Megalocnidae Delsuc et al. 2019 (megalocnid ground sloths of the Caribbean)
- Superfamily Megatherioidea Gray 1821
- Family Bradypodidae Gray 1821 (three-toed sloths)
- Family †Megalonychidae Gervais 1855 (megalonychid ground sloths)
- Family †Megatheriidae Gray 1821 (megatheriid ground sloths)
- Family †Nothrotheriidae Ameghino 1920 (nothrotheriid ground sloths)
- Superfamily Mylodontoidea Gill 1872
- Family Choloepodidae Pocock 1924 (two-toed sloths)
- Family †Mylodontidae Gill 1872 (mylodontid ground sloths)
- Family †Scelidotheriidae Ameghino 1889 (scelidotheriid ground sloths)
- Superfamily †Megalocnoidea Delsuc et al. 2019
Phylogeny
Major families within Pilosa[4]
| Pilosa |
|
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Cladogram of living Pilosa[4][5][6]
| Pilosa |
|
References
Gardner, A. L. (2005). "Order Pilosa". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 100–103. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Kidd, D.A. (1973). Collins Latin Gem Dictionary. London: Collins. p. 248. ISBN 0-00-458641-7.
A proposed clade, Atlantogenata, would include Xenarthra and early African mammals.
Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; Mackie, M.; Olsen, J. V.; Kramarz, A.; Taglioretti, M.; Scaglia, F.; Lezcano, M.; Lanata, J. L.; Southon, J.; Feranec, R.; Bloch, J.; Hajduk, A.; Martin, F. M.; Gismondi, R. S.; Reguero, M.; de Muizon, C.; Greenwood, A.; Chait, B. T.; Penkman, K.; Collins, M.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630.
Miranda, Flávia R.; Casali, Daniel M.; Perini, Fernando A.; Machado, Fabio A.; Santos, Fabrício R. (2018). "Taxonomic review of the genus Cyclopes Gray, 1821 (Xenarthra: Pilosa), with the revalidation and description of new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 687–721. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx079. hdl:11336/49474.
Gibb, Gillian C.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Kuch, Melanie; Enk, Jacob; Moraes-Barros, Nadia; Superina, Mariella; Poinar, Hendrik N.; Delsuc, Frédéric (2015). "Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (3): 621–42. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv250. PMC 4760074. PMID 26556496.
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