Oxyaeninae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Infraordo: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Ordo: †Creodonta
Familia: †Oxyaenidae
Subfamilia: †Oxyaeninae
Genera: †Dipsalidictis - †Malfelis - †Oxyaena - †Patriofelis - †Protopsalis - †Sarkastodon
Name

Oxyaeninae
References

Stucky, R.K.; Hardy, T.G. 2007: A new large, hypercarnivorous oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Middle Eocene of the Wind River Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 39: 57–65. DOI: 10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[57:ANLHOM]2.0.CO;2

Vernacular names

Oxyaeninae ("sharp hyenas") is a extinct subfamily of oxyaenids from the late Paleocene to late Eocene of Asia, Europe and North America.[2][3]

Etymology

The name of the subfamily translates as "sharp hyaenas" (from Ancient Greek ὀξύς- (oxús-) 'sharp', name of hyena genus Hyaena and taxonomic suffix "-inae").[4]
Classification and phylogeny
Taxonomy

Subfamily: †Oxyaeninae (Cope, 1877)
Genus: †Argillotherium (Davies, 1884)
†Argillotherium toliapicum (Davies, 1884)
Genus: †Dipsalidictis (Matthew & Granger, 1915) <−−−[paraphyletic genus]
†Dipsalidictis aequidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
†Dipsalidictis krausei (Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)
†Dipsalidictis platypus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
†Dipsalidictis transiens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
Genus: †Malfelis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
†Malfelis badwaterensis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)[5]
Genus: †Oxyaena (Cope, 1874)
†Oxyaena forcipata (Cope, 1874)
†Oxyaena gulo (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
†Oxyaena intermedia (Denison, 1938)
†Oxyaena lupina (Cope, 1874)
†Oxyaena pardalis (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
†Oxyaena simpsoni (Van Valen, 1966)
†Oxyaena woutersi (Lange-Badré & Godinot, 1982)
Genus: †Patriofelis (Leidy, 1870)
†Patriofelis ferox (Marsh, 1872)
†Patriofelis ulta (Leidy, 1870)
Genus: †Protopsalis (Cope, 1880)
†Protopsalis tigrinus (Cope, 1880)
Genus: †Sarkastodon (Granger, 1938)
†Sarkastodon henanensis (Tong & Lei, 1986)
†Sarkastodon mongoliensis (Granger, 1938)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Oxyaeninae are shown in the following cladogram:[2][6][7][8][9]

Pan-Carnivora

†Hyaenodonta      †Altacreodus     †Tinerhodon   †Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade     †Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)    sensu lato    Carnivoramorpha      †Oxyaenodonta   †Oxyaenidae    †Tytthaeninae         †Machaeroidinae     †Palaeonictinae      †Oxyaeninae    †Dipsalidictis aequidens †Dipsalidictis       †Dipsalidictis krausei     †Dipsalidictis platypus       †Dipsalidictis transiens      †Oxyaena        †Oxyaena intermedia     †Oxyaena forcipata       †Oxyaena gulo       †Oxyaena lupina     †Oxyaena simpsoni     †Oxyaena pardalis       †Oxyaena woutersi     †Oxyaena sp. (Europe)        †Sarkastodon    †Sarkastodon henanensis     †Sarkastodon mongoliensis      †Malfelis  †Malfelis badwaterensis    †Argillotherium  †Argillotherium toliapicum  ?     †Protopsalis  †Protopsalis tigrinus    †Patriofelis    †Patriofelis ferox     †Patriofelis ulta

 
 
References

E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1991-09-30). "Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming" (PDF). Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141–180.
Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Oxyaeninae
Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0-7548-1730-7.
Stucky, R. K.; Hardy, T. G. (2007). "A new large hypercarnivorous oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Middle Eocene of the Wind River Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 39: 57–65. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[57:anlhom]2.0.co;2.
F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41
Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
Shawn P. Zack (2019). "A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653–689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.

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