Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yinpterochiroptera
Familia: Pteropodidae
Subfamilia: Cynopterinae
Tribus: Balionycterini
Genus: Otopteropus
Species: Otopteropus cartilagonodus
Name
Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock, 1969
Type locality: Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Province.
References
Kock. 1969. Senckenberg. Biol., 50: 333.
Distribution
Luzon (Philippines)
Vernacular names
English: Luzon Fruit Bat
The Luzon fruit bat (Otopteropus cartilagonodus) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is the only species within the genus Otopteropus[2] and is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest.
Description
The Luzon fruit bat, a member of the order Chiroptera, is a small bat that is common to Luzon island.[3] It exhibits dark blackish brown coloration, with a lighter color appearing on the abdominal area, usually grey.[2] It is nocturnal and has rather large eyes, especially for its small stature.[2] Luzon Fruit bats are identifiable by their ears, which are marked by red thickenings.[4]
The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in their cranial characters, particularly the skull.[5] The overall size of the skull is found to be larger in males, but females have a more heightened braincase.[5] Because of this, the females have a longer total body length, while both sexes have similar wing bone length.[5]
Ecology
Distribution and habitat
The Philippine Islands have wide fauna diversity. Under the order Chiroptera, the island is home to 73 species, 36 genera, and 6 families.[5] Luzon Fruit Bats are one of two species in the family Pteropodidae that have undergone radiation in Southeast Asia.[5] The Luzon Fruit Bat is restricted to Luzon Island, found on the Philippine archipelago.[6] They occupy three different regions on this island: the Cordillera Central Mountains, the Sierra Madre Mountains, and the Zambales Mountains.[7] It has been hypothesized that these three clades diverged from one another around 1.91 million years ago.[3]
The Luzon fruit bats are more abundant in montane primary forest.[4] But they have spread to well-developed secondary forest, as well as lowland, montane, and mossy forests.[4] Their distribution is found in an elevation range from 200 – 2250 meters (Heaney et al. 1998), but regions of middle elevation is preferred.[3] Because of their high elevation location, they are listed as a Least Concern.[1]
Diet
It is frugivorous; its diet consists mainly of fruit or nectar.[4] In their consumption of fruit, they help contribute to natural reforestation by dispersing seeds.[4] Due to a difference in cranial size, males and females tend to have different food preferences, based on what is most accessible to their body shape.[5]
Behavior
Reproduction
Females have a long duplex uterus that is superficially joined at the cervix.[2] These bats produce one or two young per year.[7] And the distribution of embryo between the left and right uteri are relatively equal and no preference has been observed.[2] Research has concluded that females undergo delayed implantation, although the specific length of delay is unknown.[2]
Male members of the order Chiroptera have a wide morphological variation of primary reproductive structures.[8] Male Luzon fruit bats are no exception, as they display a form of migratory testes, in which their testes are located in the abdomen.[2] Additionally, these male bats have few spermatozoa in both their testes and epididymis, indicating that much of the sperm in not fully mature.[2]
References
Ong, P.; Rosell-Ambal, R.G.B.; Tabaranza, B.; Heaney, L.; Duya, P.; Gonzalez, J.C.; Balete, D.S. (2020). "Otopteropus cartilagonodus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15665A22122206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15665A22122206.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
Heideman, Paul D., Jennifer A. Cummings, and Lawrence R. Heaney. "Reproductive timing and early embryonic development in an Old World fruit bat, Otopteropus cartilagonodus (Megachiroptera)." Journal of mammalogy 74.3 (1993): 621-630.
Roberts, Trina E. Divergence, diversity, distance, and disequilibrium: comparative phylogeography of six Philippine fruit bats (Chiroptera; Pteropodidae). Diss. University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, 2005.
Heaney, Lawrence R. "Synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands." (1998).
Rickart, Eric A., Jennifer A. Mercier, and Lawrence R. Heaney. "Cytogeography of Philippine bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112.3 (1999): 453-469.
Alviola, Phillip A., et al. "Chapter 2: mammalian diversity patterns on Mount Palali, Caraballo Mountains, Luzon." Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences(2011): 61-74.
Ruedas, L. A., J. R. Demboski, and R. V. Sison. "Morphological and ecological variation in Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock, 1969 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Luzon, Philippines." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 107.1 (1994): 1-16.
Beguelini, Mateus R., et al. "Morphological variation of primary reproductive structures in males of five families of neotropical bats." The Anatomical Record 296.1 (2013): 156-167.
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