Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yangochiroptera
Superfamilia: Emballonuroidea
Familia: Nycteridae
Genus: Nycteris
Species: Nycteris thebaica
Subspecies: N. t. adana – N. t. angolensis – N. t. brockmani – N. t. capensis – N. t. damarensis – N. t. labiata – N. t. najdiya – N. t. thebaica
Name
Nycteris thebaica E. Geoffroy, 1818
Type locality: Egypt, Thebes (near Luxor).
Synonyms
aethiopicus Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866
References
E. Geoffroy, 1818. Descrip. de L'Egypte, 2: 119.
Conservation status: IUCN: Nycteris thebaica (Least Concern)
Distribution
Central Arabia, Israel, Sinai, Egypt, Morocco, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, South Africa, Zanzibar, Pemba
Vernacular names
English: Egyptian Slit-faced Bat.
עברית: לילן
The Egyptian slit-faced bat (Nycteris thebaica) is a species of slit-faced bat broadly distributed throughout Africa and the Middle East. It is a species of microbat in the family Nycteridae. Six subspecies are known.[1]
Description
The Egyptian slit-faced bat gets its name from a deep slit that runs from the base of the ears to the nostrils, between the nose leaves. The bats typically weigh 6.5–9.7 g (0.23–0.34 oz), with females weighing up to 11.5 g (0.41 oz).[2] The wings are broad, with a wingspan of 283 mm (11.1 in) and a low aspect ratio, allowing for high maneuverability and the ability to hover close to the ground.[2][3]
The dorsal surface is dusky to reddish brown, while the underside is white to whitish gray. This bat has lighter fur than other members of the nycterid family. It has a long tail, reaching to 61 mm (2.4 in).[2]
Distribution and habitat
This species is able to thrive in a variety of tropical and temperate habitats throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.[2] A specimen of an Egyptian silt-faced bat was found on the island of Corfu, Greece; making it the first record of the animal in Europe.[4] It can live in widely diverse habitats, including forests, deserts, savannas, shrublands, and grasslands.[1]
Reproduction
The uterine horns open into the vagina through separate vaginal canals, forming a uterus duplex. The placenta also lacks a hemophagous area, a structure which aids in endocytosis and digestion of erythrocytes.[5] The gestation period varies depending on climate, lasting 2–3 months in tropical areas, while lasting up to 5 months in temperate climates. At birth, this species weighs about 50% of the mother’s weight. The females fly, carrying their young, between roosts to keep them safe from predators.[2]
Physiology
Unlike most bats, N. thebaica is not heterothermic, displaying no evidence of hibernation or torpor behaviors. One explanation for this might be that hibernation makes N. thebaica highly vulnerable to predation. In particular, the large slit-faced bat is known to prey on roosting Egyptian slit-faced bats.[6]
Behavior
Egyptian slit-faced bats form roosting colonies numbering from a few to thousands of other members. Because they can maneuver in crowded habitats, they are able to occupy caves and holes that cannot be accessed by other bat species.[2] While the bats do form a communal roost, individuals do not huddle together to conserve energy and warmth.[6] They occupy two roosts, using the daytime roost to rest, while only spending a few hours in the night roost before going out to forage.[7] They have a long-night foraging period, lasting several hours.[6]
The bats use high-frequency and low-intensity echolocation calls to locate prey. The low wing loading and low aspect ratio allows them to hover and swipe prey from the ground or from the tops of trees. They are generalist-opportunistic feeders, meaning they consume a wide range of prey, according to prey availability and season.[3] The different insect groups these bats tend to consume are: Coleoptera during the spring, Orthoptera during the summer, Hemiptera in autumn, and Lepidoptera during the winter.[8] Insects comprise the bulk o this bat's diet;[2] this flexible diet allows them to thrive in a wide variety of habitats.
N. thebaica is observed to have a relatively long lifespan, with captive females surviving at least five years. While juvenile bats have a high mortality rate, after the first year, the species has a high rate of survival.[7]
Subspecies
N. t. adana
N. t. albiventer
N. t. capensis
N. t. damarensis
N. t. najdiya
N. t. thebaica
References
Monadjem, A.; Fahr, J.; Hutson, A.M.; Mickleburgh, S.; Bergmans, W. (2017). "Nycteris thebaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T14936A22014183. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T14936A22014183.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Gray, Paul A.; Fenton, M. Brock; Cakenberghe, Victor Van. "No. 612: Nycteris thebaica". Index for Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
Seamark, Ernest C. J.; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław (June 2002). "Feeding Ecology of the Common Slit-Faced Bat ( ) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Acta Chiropterologica. 4 (1): 49–54. doi:10.3161/001.004.0106. S2CID 84892993.
Dietz, Christian; Nill, Dietmar; Helversen, Otto von (2009). Bats of Britain, Europe and Northwest Africa. A & C Black. p. 159. ISBN 978-14081-05313.
Enders, A.C.; Jones, C.J.P.; Taylor, P.J.; Carter, A.M. (September 2009). "Placentation in the Egyptian Slit-faced Bat Nycteris thebaica (Chiroptera: Nycteridae)". Placenta. 30 (9): 792–799. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.07.004. PMID 19674786.
Cory Toussaint, Dawn; Brigham, R. Mark; McKechnie, Andrew E. (September 2013). "Thermoregulation in free-ranging Nycteris thebaica (Nycteridae) during winter: No evidence of torpor" (PDF). Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 78 (5): 365–368. Bibcode:2013MamBi..78..365C. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.10.001. hdl:2263/39716.
Monadjem, Ara; Reside, April; Cornut, Julien; Perrin, Mike R. (1 January 2009). "Roost selection and home range of an African insectivorous bat Nycteris thebaica (Chiroptera, Nycteridae)". Mammalia. 73 (4). doi:10.1515/MAMM.2009.056. S2CID 84963180.
Seamark, Ernest C. J.; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław (2002). "Feeding Ecology of the Common Slit-Faced Bat (Nycteris thebaica) in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa". Acta Chiropterologica. 4: 49–54. doi:10.3161/001.004.0106. S2CID 84892993.
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