Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Ordo: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohort: Theria
Cohort: Eutheria
Cohort: Placentalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Pilosa
Subordo: Folivora
Familia: †Megatheriidae
Subfamilia: Megatheriinae
Tribus: Nothrotheriini
Genus: Nothrotheriops
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States.[1] This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae.[2] The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy
N. shastensis skull
Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved.[3] This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.[1]
Description
Restoration of N. shastensis
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb)[4] (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long.[5] It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).[6]
Paleobiology
Skin discovered in Gypsum Cave, Nevada.
Restoration of N. texanus
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.[6]
The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.[7][8]
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken.[9] The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.[1]
The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved.[3] Rampart Cave, in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, which allowed the scientists both to use radiocarbon dating techniques to establish when it lived.[6] The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP).[10]
References
PaleoBiology Database: Nothrotheriops, basic info
Muizon, C. de; McDonald, H. G.; Salas, R.; Urbina, M. (June 2004). "The Youngest Species of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus and a Reassessment of the Relationships of the Nothrothere Sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 387–397. doi:10.1671/2429a. S2CID 83732878.
Lull, S. 1929. A remarkable ground sloth. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, 3: 1-39.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-02-14. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Lange, Ian M., Ice Age Mammals of North America: A Guide to the Big, the Hairy, and the Bizarre, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2002. Pg. 83, 85
Barton Miles & Co., Prehistoric America. A journey through the Ice Age and beyond. BBC publishing, 2002. Pg 108-9.
Cole, Kenneth L.; Kirsten Ironside; Jon Eischeid; Gregg Garfin; Phillip B. Duffy; Chris Toney (2011). "Past and ongoing shifts in Joshua tree distribution support future modeled range contraction" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 21 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1890/09-1800.1. PMID 21516893.
"Outlook Bleak for Joshua Trees". Npr.org. 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
Akersten, W. A.; McDonald, H. G. (June 1991). "Nothrotheriops from the Pleistocene of Oklahoma and Paleogeography of the Genus". The Southwestern Naturalist. 36 (2): 178–185. doi:10.2307/3671918. JSTOR 3671918.
Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9.
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
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