Notharctus tenebrosus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Strepsirrhini
Infraordo: †Adapiformes
Familia: †Notharctidae
Subfamiliae: Notharctinae
Genus: Notharctus
Species: Notharctus tenebrosus
Notharctus tenebrosus was an early primate from the early Eocene, some 54–38 million years ago. Its fossil was found by Ferdinand V. Hayden in 1870 in southwestern Wyoming. When first found, Notharctus tenebrosus was thought to be a small pachyderm due to the concentration of pachyderm fossils in the area. However, after Walter W. Granger's discovery of a nearly complete skeleton, also in Wyoming, it was firmly established as a primate. Notharctus tenebrosus most resembles modern-day lemurs, although they are not directly related.
Notharctus tenebrosus belonged to an extinct primate group known as Adapiformes and fossils have been found in North America. Adapiform primates were among the first primates to exhibit a set of adaptations for life in the trees, such as grasping hands, binocular vision, and flexible backs. In addition to this, small orbits in the genera indicate that they were diurnal.
"Notharctus" means false bear, while "tenebrosus" means dark or gloomy.
Morphology
Fossil of Notharctus tenebrosus from the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
Notharctus tenebrosus had a fused mandibular symphysis and molar teeth with well-developed shearing crests, while the incisors are peg-like in form. Notharctus tenebrosus had canine teeth that are sexually dimorphic. The upper molars of this species have a pseudohypocone and the snout is moderately long, with a long premaxillary bone. Notharctus tenebrosus had a lacrimal bone that was positioned at the end of the orbit but not anterior to it. The vertebral formula of Notharctus tenebrosus is 7 cervicals, 12 thoracics, 8 lumbars, 3 sacrals, and 19+ caudals. Observing the fossils, Notharctus tenebrosus had long hindlimbs, trunk, and tail. On the hands and feet, the pollex and hallux are large and opposable, and the fingers and toes are long and possess nails,[1] while on the foot the calcaneus is relatively short. There is evidence that the species had a type of grooming claw, thought to be an intermediate between a grooming claw and a nail.[2] Notharctus tenebrosus has an average body mass of 4.2 kilograms and was about 40 cm long without its tail.
Diet and locomotion
Based on dental morphology, Notharctus tenebrosus most likely had a folivorous diet.
Based upon limb bone morphology Notharctus tenebrosus most likely moved by leaping and was an arboreal quadruped.
Compared to Plesiadapis cookei (right), a plesiadapiform. Both come from Eocene Wyoming, though P. cookei is slightly older geologically.
References
Fleagle, J.G. (1999). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. San Diego: Academic Press.
Maiolino, S.; Boyer, D. M.; Bloch, J. I.; Gilbert, C. C.; Groenke, J. (2012). "Evidence for a grooming claw in a North American adapiform primate: Implications for anthropoid origins". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29135. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729135M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029135. PMC 3254620. PMID 22253707.
Sindya N. Bhanoo (January 16, 2012). "Toe Fossil Contributes to a Head-Scratcher". The New York Times.
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