Martes flavigula

Martes flavigula(*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Ferae
Cladus: Pancarnivora
Cladus: Carnivoramorpha
Cladus: Carnivoraformes
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Infraordo: Arctoidea
Superfamilia: Musteloidea

Familia: Mustelidae
Subfamilia: Mustelinae
Genus: Martes
Species: Martes flavigula
Subspecies: M. f. borealis – M. f. chrysospila – M. f. flavigula – M. f. hainana – M. f. henrici – M. f. indochinensis – M. f. peninsularis – M. f. robinsoni – M. f. saba
Name

Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)

Type locality: Not given; fixed by Pocock (1941) as "Nepal".
Synonyms

Charronia flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)
Lamprogale flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)
…

References
Primary references

Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Rotterdam, 88 pp.
Pocock, R.I. 1941. Mammalia. II. Carnivora: Aeluroidea, Arctoidea. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma 330–337.

Links

Martes flavigula in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) (Least Concern)
Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names
বাংলা: হলুদগলা নেউল
català: Marta de coll groc
čeština: Charza žlutohrdlá
Deutsch: Buntmarder
English: Yellow-throated Marten
español: Marta de garganta amarilla
한국어: 대륙담비
Bahasa Melayu: Mengkira
polski: Kuna żółtogardła
ไทย: หมาไม้
Türkçe: Sarı boyunlu sansar

The yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) is a marten species native to the Himalayas, Southeast and East Asia. Its coat is bright yellow-golden, and its head and back are distinctly darker, blending together black, white, golden-yellow and brown. It is the second-largest marten in the Old World, after the Nilgiri marten,[2] with its tail making up more than half its body length.

It is an omnivore, whose sources of food range from fruit and nectar to invertebrates, rodents, lagomorphs, reptiles and birds, and to small primates and ungulates. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its wide distribution, stable population, occurrence in a number of protected areas and an apparent lack of threats.
Characteristics
Illustration of a skull in Blanford's Fauna of British India

The yellow-throated marten has short bright brownish-yellow fur, a blackish brown pointed head, reddish cheeks, light brown chin and lower lips; the chest and lower part of the throat are orange-golden, and flanks and belly are bright yellowish. The back of the ears is black, the inner portions are yellowish grey. The front paws, lower forelimbs are black. The tail is black above with a greyish brown base and a lighter tip.[3] It is robust and muscular, has an elongated thorax, a long neck and a long tail, which is about 2/3 as long as its body. The limbs are relatively short and strong, with broad paws.[4] The ears are large and broad with rounded tips. The soles of the feet are covered with coarse, flexible hairs, though the digital and foot pads are naked and the paws are weakly furred.[3] The baculum is S-shaped, with four blunt processes occurring on the tip. It is larger than other Old World martens; males measure 500–719 mm (19.7–28.3 in) in body length, while females measure 500–620 mm (20–24 in). Males weigh 2.5–5.7 kg (5.5–12.6 lb), while females weigh 1.6–3.8 kg (3.5–8.4 lb).[5] The anal glands sport two unusual protuberances, which secrete a strong smelling liquid for defensive purposes.[6]
Distribution and habitat
Yellow-throated marten in Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve
Photographed in Tungnath
An individual in Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary

The yellow-throated marten occurs in Afghanistan and Pakistan, in the Himalayas of India, Nepal and Bhutan, continental southern China and Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula and eastern Russia. In the south, its range extends to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.[1]

In Pakistan, it was recorded in Musk Deer National Park.[7] In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, it has been recorded up to an elevation of 4,510 m (14,800 ft) in alpine meadow.[8]

In northeastern India, it has been reported in northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Assam. In Indonesia it occurs in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java.[9]
Behaviour and ecology

The yellow-throated marten holds extensive, but not permanent, home ranges. It actively patrols its territory, having been known to cover 10–20 km (6.2–12.4 mi) in a single day and night. It primarily hunts on the ground, but can climb trees proficiently, being capable of making jumps up to 8–9 m (26–30 ft) between branches. After March snowfalls, the yellow-throated marten restricts its activities to treetops.[10]
Diet

The yellow-throated marten is a diurnal hunter, which usually hunts in pairs, but may also hunt in packs of three or more. It preys on rats, mice, hares, snakes, lizards, eggs and ground nesting birds such as pheasants and francolins. It is reported to kill cats and poultry. It has been known to feed on human corpses, and was once thought to be able to attack an unarmed man in groups of three to four.[11] It preys on small ungulates and smaller marten species, such as sables.[12] In the Himalayas and Myanmar, it is reported to frequently kill muntjac fawns,[11] while in Ussuriland the base of its diet consists of musk deer, particularly in winter. Two or three yellow-throated martens can consume a musk deer carcass in 2 to 3 days. It also kills the young of larger ungulate species within a weight range of 10–12 kg (22–26 lb), including young spotted deer, roe deer and goral.[12] Wild boar piglets are also taken on occasion. It has also been reported to trail tigers and feed on their kills.[13] In China, it preys on giant panda cubs.[14]

It supplements its diet with nectar and fruit, and is therefore considered to be an important seed disperser.[15]
Reproduction

Estrus occurs twice a year, from mid-February to late March and from late June to early August. During these periods, the males fight each other for access to females. Litters typically consist of two or three kits and rarely four.[13]
Predators

The yellow-throated marten has few predators, but occasionally may fall foul of larger carnivores; remains of sporadic individuals have turned up in the scat or stomachs of Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris) and Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus).[16][17] A mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis) killed an adult yellow-throated marten.[18]
Conservation

The yellow-throated marten is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its wide distribution and occurrence in protected areas across its range; the global population is stable, and threats are apparently lacking.[1]
Taxonomy

The first written description of the yellow-throated marten in the Western World is given by Thomas Pennant in his History of Quadrupeds (1781), in which he named it "White-cheeked Weasel". Pieter Boddaert featured it in his Elenchus Animalium with the name Mustela flavigula. For a long period after the Elenchus' publication, the existence of the yellow-throated marten was considered doubtful by many zoologists, until a skin was presented to the Museum of the East India Company in 1824 by Thomas Hardwicke.[19]

As of 2005, nine subspecies are recognized.[20]

Subspecies	Trinomial authority	Description	Range	Synonyms
Indian kharza (M. f. flavigula) (Nominate subspecies)	Bodaert, 1785	A large subspecies distinguished by the absence of a naked area of skin above the plantar pad of the hind foot, a larger mat of hair between the plantar and carpal pads of the forefoot and by its longer, more luxuriant winter coat[21]	Jammu & Kashmir eastwards through Northern India, the Himalayas to Assam, upper Burma, and southeastern Tibet and southern Kham	chrysogaster (C. E. H. Smith, 1842) hardwickei (Horsfield, 1828) kuatunensis (Bonhote, 1901) leucotis (Bechstein, 1800) melina (Kerr, 1792) melli (Matschie, 1922) quadricolor (Shaw, 1800) szetchuensis (Hilzheimer, 1910) typica (Bonhote, 1901) yuenshanensis (Shih, 1930)
Amur yellow-throated marten (M. f. borealis)	Radde, 1862	Distinguished from flavigula by its denser and longer winter fur and somewhat larger general dimensions.[22]	Amur and Primorsky Krais, former Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula	koreana (Mori, 1922)
Formosan yellow-throated marten (M. f. chrysospila)	Swinhoe, 1866	Taiwan	xanthospila (Swinhoe, 1870)
Hainan yellow-throated marten (M. f. hainana)	Hsu and Wu, 1981		Hainan island
Sumatran yellow-throated marten (M. f. henrici)	Schinz, 1845		Sumatra
Indochinese yellow-throated marten (M. f. indochinensis)	Kloss, 1916	Distinguished from flavigula by the presence of a naked area of skin above the plantar pad of the hind feet and the area between the plantar and carpal pads on the forefeet. The winter coat is shorter and less luxuriant, with the color being paler, rather yellower on the shoulders and upper back, the loins are less deeply pigmented and the nape is more profusely speckled with yellow. The belly is a dirty white in color and the throat pale yellow.[23]	Northern Tenasserim, Thailand and Vietnam
Malaysian yellow-throated marten (M. f. peninsularis)	Bonhote, 1901	Similar to indochinensis, but distinguished by its brown, rather than black, head, with the nape being the same color as the shoulders, being usually buff or yellowish brown. The shoulders and upper back are not as yellow as in indochinensis and the abdomen is always darkish brown, while the throat varies from orange-yellow to cream. The fur is short and thin[24]	Southern Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula
Javan yellow-throated marten (M. f. robinsoni)	Pocock, 1936		western Java
Bornean yellow-throated marten (M. f. saba)	Chasen and Kloss, 1931		Borneo

References

Chutipong, W.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.J.; Choudhury, A.; Abramov, A.V.; Roberton, S.; Long, B.; Rahman, H.; Hearn, A.; Dinets, V.; Willcox, D.H.A. (2016). "Martes flavigula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41649A45212973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41649A45212973.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Prater, S. H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals (3rd ed.). Mumbai: Bombay National History Society.
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 906–907
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 905–906
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 907–908
Pocock 1941, pp. 337
Ahmad, S.; Hameed, S.; Ali, H.; Khan, T.U.; Mehmood, T. & Nawaz, M.A. (2016). "Carnivores' diversity and conflicts with humans in Musk Deer National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 62 (5): 565–576. doi:10.1007/s10344-016-1029-6.
Appel, A.; Khatiwada, A. P. (2014). "Yellow-throated Martens Martes flavigula in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal". Small Carnivore Conservation. 50: 14–19.
Proulx, G.; Aubry, K.; Birks, J.; Buskirk, S.; Fortin, C.; Frost, H.; Krohn, W.; Mayo, L.; Monakhov, V.; Payer, D.; Saeki, M. (2005). "World Distribution and Status of the Genus Martes in 2000" (PDF). In Harrison, D. J.; Fuller, A. K.; Proulx, G. (eds.). Martens and Fishers (Martes) in Human-altered Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 21–76. doi:10.1007/b99487. ISBN 978-0-387-22580-7.
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 917–918
Pocock 1941, pp. 336
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 915–916
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 919
Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Kana, M.; Moll, J. (1999). Bears: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC action plans for the conservation of biological diversity. Vol. 44. ISBN 2-8317-0462-6.
Zhou, Y.-B.; Slade, E.; Newman, C.; Wang, X.-M.; Zhang, S.-Y. (2008). "Frugivory and seed dispersal by the yellow-throated marten, Martes flavigula, in a subtropical forest of China" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Ecology. 24 (2): 219–223. doi:10.1017/S0266467408004793. JSTOR 25172915. S2CID 55387571.
Kerley, L. L.; Mukhacheva, A. S.; Matyukhina, D. S.; Salmanova, E.; Salkina, G. P.; Miquelle, D. G. (2015). "A comparison of food habits and prey preference of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the Russian Far East". Integrative Zoology. 10 (4): 354–364. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12135. PMID 25939758.
Hwang, M.-H.; Garshelis, D. L.; Wang, Y. (2002). "Diets of Asiatic black bears in Taiwan, with methodological and geographical comparisons". Ursus. 13: 111–125. JSTOR 3873193. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
Fam, S. D.; Nijman, V. (2011). "Spizaetus hawk-eagles as predators of arboreal colobines". Primates. 52 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0240-z. PMID 21340695.
Horsfield, T. (1851). A catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the East-India Company. London: J. & H. Cox. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Pocock 1941, pp. 331–337
Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 914
Pocock 1941, pp. 338

Pocock 1941, pp. 339

Bibliography
Allen, G. M. (1938). The mammals of China and Mongolia, Volume 1. New York : American Museum of Natural History.
Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (2002) [1972]. "Subgenus of Himalayan Martens, or Kharza". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union]. Vol. II, Part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae and Procyonidae). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. pp. 905–920. ISBN 90-04-08876-8.
Pocock, R. I. (1941). "Charronia flavigula (Boddaert). the Yellow-throated Marten". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammals 2. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 331–340.