Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Whippomorpha
Infraordo: Cetacea
Cladus: †Archaeoceti
Familia: †Protocetidae
Subfamilia: Makaracetinae
Genus: Makaracetus
Species: M. bidens
Name
Makaracetus Gingerich et al., 2005
References
PHILIP D. GINGERICH, IYAD S. ZALMOUT, MUNIR UL-HAQ, & M. AKRAM BHATTI, 2005, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan 31(9): 197–210 [1]
Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 51–54.
Lucherini, M.; Eizirik, E.; de Oliveira, T.; Pereira, J.; Williams, R.S.R. (2016). "Leopardus colocolo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15309A97204446. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
Garcia-Perea, R. (1994). "The Pampas cat group (Genus Lynchailurus Severertzov 1858) (Carnivora: Felidae): A systematic and biogeographic review" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3096): 1–35.
Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Johnson, W. E.; Slattery, J. P.; Eizirik, E.; Kim, J. H.; Menotti Raymond, M.; Bonacic, C.; Cambre, R.; Crawshaw, P.; Nunes, A.; Seuánez, H. N.; Martins Moreira, M. A. (1999). "Disparate phylogeographic patterns of molecular genetic variation in four closely related South American small cat species". Molecular Ecology. 8 (12 Suppl 1): S79–94. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00796.x. PMID 10703553. S2CID 34990824.
Macdonald, D.; Loveridge, A., eds. (2010). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
Sunquist, M. E.; Sunquist, F. C. (2009). "Colocolo (Leopardus colocolo)". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. p. 146. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
Nascimento, F.O.D.; Cheng, J. & Feijó, A. (2021). "Taxonomic revision of the pampas cat Leopardus colocola complex (Carnivora: Felidae): an integrative approach". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (2): 575–611. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa043.
Molina, G. I. (1782). "La Guigna Felis guigna". Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chilli. Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino. p. 295.
Schneider, A.; Henegar, C.; Day, K.; Absher, D.; Napolitano, C.; Silveira, L.; D., V. A.; O’Brien, S. J.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Barsh, G. S.; Eizirik, E. (2015). "Recurrent Evolution of Melanism in South American Felids". PLOS Genetics. 10 (2): e1004892. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004892. PMC 4335015. PMID 25695801.
Cope E. D. (1889). "On the mammalia obtained by the naturalist exploring expedition to southern Brazil". American Naturalist. 23 (266): 128–150. doi:10.1086/274871. S2CID 84456085.
Barstow, A. L. & Leslie, D.M. (2012). "Leopardus braccatus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 44 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1644/891.1.
Matschie P. (1912). "Über Felis jacobita, colocola, und zwei ihnen ähnliche Katzen" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 4: 255–259.
Martínez-Lanfranco, Juan Andrés; González, Enrique M. (2022). "The oldest available name for the pampas cat of the Uruguayan Savannah ecoregion is Leopardus fasciatus (Larrañaga 1923)". Therya. 13 (3): 259–264. doi:10.12933/therya-22-1187. S2CID 252649692.
Perovic, P.; Walker, S. & Novaro, A. (2003). "New records of the Endangered Andean mountain cat in northern Argentina". Oryx. 37 (3): 374–377. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000644. S2CID 86059693.
Garcia-Olaechea, A. and Hurtado, C. M. 2016. Pampas Cat conservation in northwestern Peru. Small Wild Cat Conservation News 2 Archived 2016-10-06 at the Wayback Machine: 18.
Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "Pampas cat Oncifelis colocolo (Molina, 1782)". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 201–204. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
MacDonald, D., Loveridge, A., eds. (2010). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5
"ARKive". Archived from the original on 2018-01-08. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
Makaracetus is an extinct protocetid early whale the remains of which were found in 2004 in Lutetian layers of the Domanda Formation in the Sulaiman Range of Balochistan, Pakistan (30.1°N 69.8°E, paleocoordinates 11.7°N 65.0°E).[2][3]
Makaracetus is unique among archaeocetes in its feeding adaptations; its proboscis and the hypertrophied facial muscles.[3] The generic epithet is a portmanteau of Makara, an elephant-headed sea monster from Hindu mythology, and cetus, Greek for "whale". The species epithet, bidens, is Greek for "two-teeth", in reference to the retention of only two incisors in each premaxilla.[4] Makaracetus' unique features even lead Gingerich et al. 2005 to propose a new classification of Protocidae based on the degree of their aquatic adaptation;[5] with Makarcetus alone in the subfamily Makaracetinae.[3]
A combination of cranial features indicates that Makaracetus had a short, muscular proboscis similar to a tapir. There are broad and shallow narial grooves on the dorsal side of the premaxilla extending the nasal vestibule to the anterior end of the rostrum. These grooves are paralleled on the ventral side by extraordinary lateral fossae, stretching from the anterior maxilla and over the premaxilla. The rostrum is angled downwards, like in a dugong, and has a reduced number of incisors. Enlarged foramina in front of the orbits indicate that the rostrum had a rich blood supply.[5]
No living mammal displays this combination of characteristics. The expanded nasal is present in tapirs, but they are not aquatic animals. The morphology of sirenian rostra is similar, but sirenians are herbivorous, whereas Makaracetus' dentition clearly indicate that it was carnivorous. Walrus cranial morphology is different, but they are aquatic and use specialized buccal and facial muscles to feed on molluscs, fossils of which are abundant in the Domanda Formation. They probably provide the best ecological model among living mammals. More complete fossils must be recovered before Makaracetus can be adequately described.[5]
Notes
Makaracetus in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved March 2013.
Kunvit, Domanda Formation (Eocene of Pakistan) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Gingerich et al. 2005, Introduction
Gingerich et al. 2005, Etymology, p. 202
Gingerich et al. 2005, Discussion, pp. 206–8
References
Gingerich, Philip D.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Bhatti, M. Akram (2005). "Makaracetus bidens, a new protocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early middle Eocene of Balochistan (Pakistan)" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 31 (9): 197–210. OCLC 742723177. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
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