Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yangochiroptera
Superfamilia: Noctilionoidea
Familia: Phyllostomidae
Subfamilia: Macrotinae
Genus: Macrotus
Species: Macrotus waterhousii
Subspecies: M. w. bulleri – M. w. compressus – M. w. jamaicensis – M. w. mexicanus – M. w. minor – M. w. waterhousii
Name
Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843
Type locality: Haiti.
References
Gray, J. E. 1843. [Letter from, on two new species of bats and a porcupine (Hystrix subspinosus Lichtenstein) in the British Museum, and a new Manis]. Proceedings of the Zoology Society of London, 1843: 21.
Anderson, S. 1969. Macrotus waterhousii. Mammalian Species, 1: 1–4.
Links
Conservation status: IUCN: Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843 (Least Concern)
Macrotus waterhousii in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843 – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Distribution
Sonora and Hidalgo (Mexico) south to Guatemala
Bahama Islands
Jamaica
Cuba
Cayman Islands
Hispaniola and Beata Islands
Vernacular names
English: Waterhouse's Leaf-nosed Bat.
Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus waterhousii) is a species of big-eared bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in the Greater Antilles (excluding Puerto Rico) in the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Jamaica, as well as Mexico (from Sonora to Hidalgo) south to Guatemala.[2]
Behavior
This species roosts primarily in caves, but also in mines and buildings. The species is insectivorous, primarily consuming insects of the order Lepidoptera and Orthoptera.[2]
M. waterhousii does not require complete darkness in its roosting place, and can often be found near the entrance of a cave (with in 10–30 meters), or even partially lit buildings.[3] It is possible to find this species in groups, but not as common as other bats; they are almost never in direct contact with one another.[3] They typically leave their roost about 30 minutes after sundown.[3]
Reproduction
Sperm cycle
Male M. waterhousii have an interesting cycle in their sperm production and peak times for successful mating. From December to early June, there are no mature sperm found within the male's reproductive tract.[4] Starting in June, the spermatogenic cycle begins, leading to sperm being available (for mating) in August.[4] Mature sperm can be found in the reproductive tract of males from August to early December. However, starting around September, a decrease in testes size can be observed.[4]
Delayed development
Observed during the pregnancy of female M. waterhousii, there seems to be a delay in the development of the offspring. It is possible that this is controlled by levels of Plasma Thyroxine (T4).[5] During the first two trimester of pregnancy, levels of T4 are relatively low.[5] But during the last trimester (and lactation), levels of T4 more than double typically.[5] These corresponds in the observed delayed development of the offspring, as much of the development happen in that last trimester.[5]
Echolocation and foraging
Like many bats, this species uses echolocation as a means to locate their prey. In particular, Macrotus waterhousii uses a low intensity, broadband-like call to aide in their search for food.[6] The maximum frequency of a call is 73.65 kHz with a minimum of 46.19 kHz, creating a bandwidth of 27.46 kHz.[6] The call ranges from about 1 second to 3 seconds.[6] In addition, to echolocation, M. waterhousii uses the sound made by the prey itself to locate it.[6] This type of foraging behavior leads to a preference for a cluttered habitat.[6] As M. waterhousii is hunting, the frequency of calls decreases as it approaches its prey.[7]
Parasites
Torrestrongylus tetradorsalis, a nematode parasite of the Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat in Central Mexico. Scanning electron microscopy.
The nematode Torrestrongylus tetradorsalis was described in 2015. It is a parasite of the small intestine of the Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat in Central Mexico.[8] It was collected from bats from the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve in the state of Morelos.
References
Solari, S. (2018). "Macrotus waterhousii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T12653A22032004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T12653A22032004.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Murray, Kevin L.; Fleming, Theodore H.; Gaines, Michael S.; Williams, Dean A. (2008). "Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for two species of phyllostomid bats from the Greater Antilles (Erophylla sezekorni and Macrotus waterhousii)". Molecular Ecology Resources. 8 (3): 596–598. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02007.x. PMID 21585843. S2CID 22552605.
"Index for Mammalian Species". Archived from the original on 2012-11-24. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
Krutzsch, Philip H.; Watson, Robert H.; Lox, Charles D. (April 1976). "Reproductive biology of the male leaf-nosed bat,Macrotus waterhousii in Southwestern United States". The Anatomical Record. 184 (4): 611–635. doi:10.1002/ar.1091840403. PMID 943969. S2CID 43216821.
Burns, J.Mitchell; Baker, Robert J.; Bleier, William J. (February 1972). "Hormonal control of 'delayed development' in Macrotus waterhousii". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 18 (1): 54–58. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(72)90079-2. PMID 5009678.
Emrich, Matthew A.; Clare, Elizabeth L.; Symondson, William O. C.; Koenig, Susan E.; Fenton, Melville Brock (August 2014). "Resource partitioning by insectivorous bats in Jamaica" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 23 (15): 3648–3656. doi:10.1111/mec.12504. PMID 25187923. S2CID 24315794.
Macías, Silvio; Hechavarría, Julio C.; Cobo, Ariadna; Mora, Emanuel C. (March 2014). "Narrow sound pressure level tuning in the auditory cortex of the bats Molossus molossus and Macrotus waterhousii". Hearing Research. 309: 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2013.11.004. PMID 24269749. S2CID 23496840.
Caspeta-Mandujano, Juan Manuel; Peralta-Rodríguez, Jorge Luis; Galindo-García, María Guadalupe; Jiménez, Francisco Agustín (2015). "A new species of Torrestrongylus (Trichostrongylidae, Anoplostrongylinae) from Macrotus waterhousii (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Central Mexico". Parasite. 22: 29. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015029. PMC 4626622. PMID 26514594.
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