Lutra lutra

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Ferae
Cladus: Pancarnivora
Cladus: Carnivoramorpha
Cladus: Carnivoraformes
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Infraordo: Arctoidea
Superfamilia: Musteloidea

Familia: Mustelidae
Subfamilia: Lutrinae
Genus: Lutra
Species: Lutra lutra
Subspecies: L. l. angustifrons – L. l. aurobrunneus – L. l. barang – L. l. chinensis – L. l. hainana – L. l. kutab – L. l. lutra – L. l. meridionalis – L. l. monticolus – L. l. nair – L. l. seistanica
Name

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy

Mustela lutra (protonym)
Type locality: "Europæ aquis dulcibus, fluviis, flagnis, piscinis", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911a) to "Upsala" [Sweden].

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 45. Open access Reference page.
Lutra lutra in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Least Concern)
[1] Listed animal in CITES Appendix I

Vernacular names
aragonés: Loira
asturianu: Llóndriga
অসমীয়া: উদ
azərbaycanca: Adi susamuru
беларуская: Выдра
български: Видра
বাংলা: ভোঁদর
བོད་ཡིག: ཆུ་སྲམ།
brezhoneg: Ki-dour
bosanski: Evropska vidra
català: Llúdria comuna
нохчийн: Хаьштиг
čeština: Vydra říční
чӑвашла: Ахаль ăтăр
dansk: Europæisk odder
Deutsch: Eurasischer Fischotter
Ελληνικά: Ευρωπαϊκή βίδρα
English: European Otter
Esperanto: Eŭropa lutro
español: Nutria europea
eesti: Euroopa saarmas
euskara: Igaraba arrunt
فارسی: شنگ (جانور)
suomi: Euraasiansaukko
føroyskt: Otur
Nordfriisk: Euraasisk Faskoter
français: Loutre d'Europe
Frysk: Jeropeeske otter
Gaeilge: Dobhrán Eoráiseach
galego: Lontra
hrvatski: Europska vidra
magyar: Európai vidra
հայերեն: Ջրասամույր
Bahasa Indonesia: Berang-berang eurasia
italiano: Lontra europea
日本語: ユーラシアカワウソ
ქართული: წავი
ಕನ್ನಡ: ನೀರುನಾಯಿ
перем коми: Вурд
한국어: 수달
коми: Вурд
lietuvių: Paprastoji ūdra
latviešu: Eiropas ūdrs
македонски: Европска видра
монгол: Голын халиу
кырык мары: Ама
Bahasa Melayu: Memerang Eropah
эрзянь: Выдра
Nederlands: Europese otter
norsk nynorsk: Europeisk oter
norsk: Europeisk oter
occitan: Loira europèa
ирон: Уырд
polski: Wydra europejska
português: Lontra-europeia
română: Vidră de râu, lutră
русский: Выдра
саха тыла: Дьуукун
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Europska vidra
slovenčina: Vydra riečna
српски / srpski: Видра
Seeltersk: Fiskotter
svenska: Eurasisk utter
ไทย: นากใหญ่ธรรมดา
Türkçe: Bayağı su samuru
удмурт: Вад
українська: Видра річкова
中文: 歐亞水獺

The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), also known as the European otter, Eurasian river otter, European river otter, common otter, and Old World otter, is a semiaquatic mammal native to Eurasia and Maghreb. The most widely distributed member of the otter subfamily (Lutrinae) of the weasel family (Mustelidae), it is found in the waterways and coasts of Europe, many parts of Asia, and parts of northern Africa. The Eurasian otter has a diet mainly of fish, and is strongly territorial. It is endangered in some parts of its range, but is recovering in others.
Description
Skull
Skeleton

The Eurasian otter is a typical species of the otter subfamily. Brown above and cream below, these long, slender creatures are well-equipped for their aquatic habits. Their bones show osteosclerosis, increasing their density to reduce buoyancy.[2] This otter differs from the North American river otter by its shorter neck, broader visage, the greater space between the ears and its longer tail.[3] However, the Eurasian otter is the only otter in much of its range, so it is rarely confused for any other animal. Normally, this species is 57 to 95 cm (22.5 to 37.5 in) long, not counting a tail of 35–45 cm (14–17.5 in). The female is shorter than the male.[4] The otter's average body weight is 7 to 12 kg (15 to 26 lb), although occasionally a large old male may reach up to 17 kg (37 lb).[5][6] The record-sized specimen, reported by a reliable source but not verified, weighed over 24 kg (53 lb).[7]
Distribution and habitat
Two otters in Korkeasaari Zoo, Helsinki, Finland

The Eurasian otter is the most widely distributed otter species, its range including parts of Asia and northern Africa, as well as being spread across Europe, south to Palestine. Though currently thought to be extinct in Liechtenstein and Switzerland, it is now common in Latvia, along the coast of Norway, in the western regions of Spain and Portugal and across Great Britain and Ireland. In Italy, it lives in southern parts of the peninsula.[1] It inhabits unpolluted bodies of fresh water such as lakes, streams, rivers, canals and ponds, as long as the food supply is adequate. In Andalusia, it uses artificial lakes on golf courses.[8] It prefers the open areas of the streams and also lives along the coast in salt water, but requires regular access to fresh water to clean its fur.[9]

In Syria, the Eurasian otter was recorded in montane creeks in Latakia and Raqqa Governorates and in the lower Euphrates valley in Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[10] In western Nepal, its presence was documented at elevations of around 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in Barekot river in Jajarkot District and at 1,337 m (4,386 ft) in Tubang river in Eastern Rukum District.[11] In India, it is distributed in the Himalayan foothills, southern Western Ghats and the central Indian landscape.[12]
Behaviour and ecology
Diet
Otter feeding on fish

The Eurasian otter's diet mainly consists of fish.[13] Fish is its most preferred choice of food in Mediterranean and temperate freshwater habitats.[14] During the winter and in colder environments, it also feeds on amphibians,[15][16] worms, clams, crustaceans, insects, eggs, birds and sometimes small mammals, including young European beavers.[17][18] It will also feed on a small amount of vegetation.[19]

As with various other mustelid species, otters are capable of overpowering and killing prey significantly larger than themselves, and are known to hunt large waterbirds such as adult greylag geese on occasion.[20][21]
Breeding

Eurasian otters are strongly territorial, living alone for the most part. An individual's territory may vary between about 1 and 40 km (1–25 mi) long, with about 18 km (11 mi) being usual. The length of the territory depends on the density of food available and the width of the water suitable for hunting (it is shorter on coasts, where the available width is much wider, and longer on narrower rivers). The Eurasian otter uses its feces, called spraints, to mark its territory and prioritize the use of resources to other group members.[22] The territories are only held against members of the same sex, so those of males and females may overlap.[23] Mating takes place in water. Eurasian otters are nonseasonal breeders (males and females will breed at any time of the year) and it has been found that their mating season is most likely determined simply by the otters' reproductive maturity and physiological state. Female otters become sexually mature between 18 and 24 months old and the average age of first breeding is found to be 2+1⁄2 years. Gestation for the Eurasian otter is 60–64 days, the litter weighing about 10% of the female body mass. After the gestation period, one to four pups are born, which remain dependent on the mother for about 13 months.[24] The male plays no direct role in parental care, although the territory of a female with her pups is usually entirely within that of the male.[23] Hunting mainly takes place at night, while the day is usually spent in the Eurasian otter's holt (den) – usually a burrow or hollow tree on the riverbank which can sometimes only be entered from underwater. Though long thought to hunt using sight and touch only, evidence is emerging that they may also be able to smell underwater – possibly in a similar manner to the star-nosed mole.[25][26]
Taxonomy

The extinct Japanese otter is sometimes considered a subspecies; recent studies have found it to fall outside the subspecific clades comprising L. lutra, so it has been reclassified as a distinct species, but significant uncertainty remains.[27]
Conservation

The Eurasian otter declined across its range in the second half of the 20th century[28] primarily due to pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides such as organochlorine. Other threats included habitat loss and hunting, both legal and illegal.[29] Eurasian otter populations are now recovering in many parts of Europe. In the United Kingdom, the number of sites with an otter presence increased by 55% between 1994 and 2002.[30] In August, 2011, the Environment Agency announced that otters had returned to every county in England since vanishing from every county except the West Country and parts of Northern England.[31] Recovery is partly due to a ban on the most harmful pesticides that has been in place across Europe since 1979,[32] partly to improvements in water quality leading to increases in prey populations, and partly to direct legal protection under the European Union Habitats Directive[33] and national legislation in several European countries.[34][35][36] In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List.[1]

In Germany, the Eurasian otter is nearly extinct in the wild, being listed as critically endangered. As part of a protection and conservation effort the "Aktion Fischotterschutz" was founded in 1979, which aims to fund habitat protection and expansion.[37] Further, the Hankensbüttler Otter Centre provides protection to the species in captivity.[38]

It is listed as endangered in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand, and critically endangered in Mongolia.[1] In South Korea, it is listed as a Natural Monument[39] and first-class endangered species.[40]

Most species that are victims of population decline or a loss of habitat tend to eventually lose their genetic difference due to inbreeding from small populations. A study conducted in 2001, examined whether or not the populations of Eurasian otters suffered from a lack of genetic variability. In the study, they examined teeth of otter skulls at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen and the Natural History Museum, Aarhus. The samples were collected between 1883 and 1963 in Denmark (Funen, Zealand, and Jutland). The study examined the tissue on the teeth of the skulls and determined the genetic variability based on DNA analysis. In conclusion, the study discovered that despite the population declines, the Eurasian otter was not a victim of declining genetic variability.[41]

The decline in population of native freshwater fishes in the rivers of Iberia, which is the preferred food of Eurasian otters, along with the expansion of exotic fish species like centrarchids could potentially put Eurasian otters at risk for extinction.[42]
References

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Hayashi, S.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Chiba, K.; Ando, T.; Sawamura, H.; Inuzuka, N.; Kaneko, N.; Osaki, T. (2013). "Bone Inner Structure Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e59146. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859146H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059146. PMC 3615000. PMID 23565143.
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European otter Archived 2011-12-23 at the Wayback Machine. purpleopurple.com
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Duarte, ? (2011). "The Use of Artificial Lakes on Golf Courses as Feeding Areas by the Otter (Lutra lutra) in Southern Spain". IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 28.
Ozkazanc, N.K.; Ozay, E.; Ozel, H.B.; Cetin, M.; Sevik, H. (2019). "The habitat, ecological life conditions, and usage characteristics of the otter (Lutra lutra L. 1758) in the Balikdami Wildlife Development Area". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 191 (11): 645. Bibcode:2019EMnAs.191..645O. doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7833-1. PMID 31617007. S2CID 204707562.
Aidek, A.; Baddour, F.S.; Ibrahim, N.N. & Al-Sheikhly, O.F. (2021). "The first photographic records of the Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra in Syria: Its mysterious occurrence is revealed". IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 38 (5): 258–266.
Shrestha, M.B.; Shrestha, G.; Reule, S.; Oli, S.; Ghartimagar, T.B.; Singh, G.; Tripathi, D.M.; Law, C.J.; Shah, K.B. & Savage, M. (2021). "First evidence of Eurasian Otter in Nepal in three decades". IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 38 (5): 279–291.
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Blanco-Garrido, Francisco; Prenda, José; Narvaez, Marta (2008). "Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) diet and prey selection in Mediterranean streams invaded by centrarchid fishes". Biological Invasions. 10 (5) (published 12 September 2007): 641–648. Bibcode:2008BiInv..10..641B. doi:10.1007/s10530-007-9158-1. S2CID 22692586 – via Springer Link.