Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Strepsirrhini
Infraordo: Lemuriformes
Superfamilia: Lorisoidea
Familia: Lorisidae
Subfamilia: Lorisinae
Genus: Loris
Species: Loris lydekkerianus
Subspecies: L. l. grandis – L. l. lydekkerianus – L. l. malabaricus – L. l. nycticeboides
Name
Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908
Type locality: India, Madras
References
Cabrera, A. 1908. Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid 1908: 139.
Nekaris, K. A. I. and J. Jayewardene. 2004. Survey of the slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae Gray, 1821: Loris tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758 and Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka. J. Zool., Lond. 262: 327–338 The Zoological Society of London (UK) DOI:10.1017/S0952836903004710
Loris lydekkerianus in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
অসমীয়া: কৃশাঙ্গী বান্দৰ
català: Loris esvelt gris
Deutsch: Grauer Schlanklori
English: Gray slender loris
italiano: Lori grigio
The gray slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus) is a species of primate in the family Loridae. It is native to India and Sri Lanka and inhabits subtropical and tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Taxonomy
Together with the red slender loris (Loris tardigradus), the grey slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus) is a type of slender loris (genus Loris) in the strepsirrhine primate family Lorisidae.[1] In 1908 Spanish zoologist Ángel Cabrera first described the Mysore slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in Chennai, India, which he named for the English naturalist Richard Lydekker. This subspecies was further described by William Charles Osman Hill in his seminal primate book Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy (1953). Hill believed there was one species of slender loris which was further split into six subspecies, two in India and four in Sri Lanka.[3] In 1998 biological anthropologist Colin Groves recognised two species, L. tardigradus and L. lydekkerianus,[4] which have been widely accepted by the scientific community.[5][6][7] Loris lydekkerianus now includes four geographically separated subspecies, L. l. lydekkerianus (previously L. t. lydekkerianus) and L. l. malabaricus in India and L. l. nordicus and L. l. grandis in Sri Lanka.[8]
Genus Loris
Red slender loris, Loris tardigradus
Gray slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus
Malabar slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus
Mysore slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus
Northern Ceylonese slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus nordicus
Highland slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus grandis
A slender loris group known as the montane slender loris (taxon nycticeboides) has had uncertain classification and variously placed as a subspecies of L. lydekkerianus, L. tardigradus, and as a distinct species.[5][9] A 2019 study based on partial CO1 sequences showed the taxon can be classified in a single haplogroup with L. t. tardigradus.[10]
Physical description
Skull
Slender lorises have extremely gracile limbs and extreme stereoscopic vision. The gray slender loris has a wide variation in pelage colour and each subspecies can be identified by this. The fur is short and gray or reddish on their backs, sometimes a darker stripe extends from the top of their head to the end of their back. The ventrum is white or buff-coloured. The eyes are surrounded with darker fur and have orbits which look straight forward giving excellent stereoscopic vision and are located the closest together amongst the primates. Between the eyes there is a white patch of hair known as the median stripe. The muzzle is larger and less pointed than the red slender loris. The hands are also highly specialised with a reduced second digit that allows the loris to cling to small branches. This is further augmented by adaptions in the first metatarsal that are thought to allow an extremely firm grasp. The tail is vestigial. The average head-body length is 18–26 centimetres (7.1–10.2 in).[11]
In Sri Lankan subspecies, Loris lydekkerianus grandis has short ears, and a heart-shaped face. Basal hairs of the vent of Loris lydekkerianus grandis are black and whereas those of Loris lydekkerianus nordicus are white in colour.
Behaviour
The gray slender loris is nocturnal and arboreal.
The behaviour of the gray slender loris is amongst the least known of the primates, despite the relatively large number of studies undertaking during the 2000s.[12] Like other lorises, they are nocturnal and emerge from their roost cavities only at dusk. They are mainly insectivorous. They primarily eat insects but do occasionally eat fruits, flowers, and small animals like mice and geckos when given the opportunity.[13] In southern India, the nominate race is often found in acacia and tamarind dominated forests or scrubs near cultivations.[14] Males hold larger home ranges than females. They are usually solitary while foraging, and it is rare for them to be seen in pairs or groups. However they may roost in groups of up to 7[2] that include young of the recent and older litters. Adult males and females have individual home ranges and sleeping group associations are usually composed of a female and her offspring.[12] Communicate with a range of vocalisations and also use urine and scent marking.[15][13] Also, olfaction and visual signaling at a distance of at least 20m.[16] Lorises interact throughout the night and sleep in groups during the daytime. Females with exclusive home ranges, rarely interact with other females except mothers and daughters. Females are more affiliated with males that are in the same sleeping area. Males tend to be more aggressive to other males that are not associated with their sleeping area. However, there is positive interaction with males that are within the sleeping area. The males also tend to infants that are in the sleeping area and sleeping arrangements are the only social behaviour lorises take part in.
From Kannur, Kerala, India at day.
Reproduction
Lorises are found to be promiscuous, multiple males competing for one female for mating. Mating occurs biannually, April–June, and October–December.[13] Although mating occurs twice a year, lorises can only breed once a year. One estrus cycle will fail and another will begin approximately 2 weeks following. Gestation is approximately 170 days. Twins are very common among lorises. The reproductive tract and ovarian cycle reflect the general mammalian plans. As far as lactation, four teats develop and produce milk before the infant is born. After giving birth, females are non-receptive to males and care for their young.[17] The reproductive rate of the slender loris is among the lowest of any primate under 500g.[18]
Geographic range and habitat
Found in southern India and Sri Lanka, the gray slender loris inhabits primary and secondary rainforest, dry semi-deciduous forest, and montane cloud forest up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level.[11] It is found in south-western India roughly between the Tapti and Godavari Rivers down to the south coast of the subcontinent. The subspecies are separated geographically. In south-western India, the Malabar gray slender loris occurs in the wet forests of the Western Ghats in the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu up to an altitude of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The Mysore gray slender loris inhabits the tropical dry forests of the Eastern Ghats in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, frequenting open Euphorbia scrub forests and Acacia trees at an altitude of 300–500 metres (980–1,640 ft).[19][14][20][21] It can also be found on the dry eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.[21]
Conservation status
Although considered near threatened on the IUCN Red List and classified under Schedule I (Part 1) of the Indian Wildlife Act, 1972, the threat to these primates is increasing. Loris is used to make love potions, treat leprosy and eye ailments. Some villagers keep lorises as pets, but because they are difficult to maintain there is high mortality. Some cities have them captive in zoos, and astrologers use them to pick out tarot cards.[22] Insects form the main source of food for lorises. Farmlands, which are high in cattle waste, produce large amounts of insects. Thus lorises do not compete with humans for resources and therefore tend to be tolerated by them.[23] Habitat fragmentation is also a threat to the loris population, as well as loss of acacia trees, which is a preferred tree species for the loris.[20] Conservation efforts are developing and more research on conservation efforts are ongoing.[14]
References
Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Dittus, W.; Singh, M.; Gamage, S.N.; Kumara, H.N.; Kumar, A.; Nekaris, K.A.I. (2020). "Loris lydekkerianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44722A17970358. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44722A17970358.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Osman Hill, W. C. (1953). Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press. OCLC 500576914.
Groves, Colin (1998). "Systematics of tarsiers and lorises". Primates. 39: 13–27. doi:10.1007/BF02557740. S2CID 10869981.
Nekaris, K. A. I.; Jayawardene, J. (2004). "Survey of slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae Grey, 1821: Loris tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758 and Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka". J. Zool. Lond. 262: 327–338. doi:10.1017/S0952836903004710.
Nekaris, K. A. I.; Roos, C.; Pimley, E. R.; Schulze, H. (2006). "Diversity slowly coming to light: reconsidering the taxonomy of pottos and lorises". Int. J. Primatol. 27 (suppl. 1): 441.
Gamage, S. N.; Groves, C. P.; Marikar, F. M. M. T.; Turner, C. S.; Padmalal, U. K. G. K.; Kotagama, S. W. (2017). "The taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status of the slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae: Loris) in Sri Lanka". Journal of Primate Conservation. 30: 1–25.
Perera, M.; Sandun, J. (2008). "A Review of the Distribution of Grey Slender Loris (Loris lydekkerianus) in Sri Lanka" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 23: 89–96. doi:10.1896/052.023.0110. S2CID 8941145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05.
Yapa, Asoka C. (2013). The Mammals of Sri Lanka. ISBN 9789558576328.
Gamage, Saman; Marikar, Faiz; Groves, Colin; Turner, Craig; Padmalal, Kalinga; Kotagama, Sarath (2019). "Phylogenetic relationship among slender loris species (Primates, Lorisidae: Loris) in Sri Lanka based on mtDNA CO1 barcoding". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 43 (6): 609–616. doi:10.3906/zoo-1901-20.
Nekaris, K. A. I. (2013). "Family Lorisidae (Angwantibos, Pottos and Lorises)". In Mittermeier, R. A.; Rylands, A. B.; Wilson, D. E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 211–235. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7.
Radhakrishna, S. (2010). "Behavioural variation in the Mysore slender loris Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus" (PDF). Current Science (Bangalore) (pdf). 99 (9): 1226–1232.
Radhakrishna, S.; Singh, M. (2002). "Social behaviour of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus)". Folia Primatologica. 73 (4): 181–196. doi:10.1159/000065426. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 12399658. S2CID 3013829.
Singh, Mewa; Lindburg, Donald G.; Udhayan, A.; Kumar, M. Anand; Kumara, H. N. (1999). "Status survey of slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India". Oryx. 33: 31–37. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00033.x.
Radhakrishna, S.; Singh, M. (2002). "Home range and ranging pattern in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus)". Primates. 43 (3): 237–248. doi:10.1007/BF02629651. PMID 12145404. S2CID 31980000.
Nekaris, K.A.I. (2006). "Social lives of adult mysore slender lorises (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus)". American Journal of Primatology. 68 (12): 1171–1182. doi:10.1002/ajp.20316. PMID 17096424. S2CID 17932047.
Ramaswami, L. S.; Kumar, T. C. A. (1965). "Some aspects of reproduction of the female slender loris, Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus Cabr". Acta Zoologica. 46 (3): 257–273. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1965.tb00734.x.
Izard, M. Kay; Rasmussen, D. Tab (1985). "Reproduction in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus malabaricus)". American Journal of Primatology. 8 (2): 153–165. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350080206. PMID 31986817. S2CID 85156708.
Roos, C.; Boonratana, R.; Supriatna, J.; Fellowes, J. R.; Groves, C. P.; Nash, S. D.; Rylands, A. B.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2014). "An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal (pdf). 4 (1): 1–38.
Kumara, H. N. (2006). "Distribution, habitat correlates, and conservation of Loris lydekkerianus in Karnataka, India" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology (pdf). 27 (4): 941–969. doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9054-z. S2CID 22320115.[dead link]
Radhakrishna, S.; Kumara, H. N.; Sasi, R. (2011). "Distribution patterns of slender loris subspecies (Loris lydekkerianus) in Kerala, Southern India". International Journal of Primatology. 32 (4): 1007–1019. doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9518-7. S2CID 31225684.
Kanagavel, A.; Sinclair, C.; Sekar, R.; Raghavan, R. (2013). "Moolah, misfortune or spinsterhood? The plight of slender loris Loris lydekkerianus in southern India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5: 3585–3588. doi:10.11609/jott.o3265.948.
Singh, M.; Kumar, M. A.; Kumara, H. N.; Mohnot, S. M. (2000). "Distribution and conservation of slender lorises in southern Andhra Pradesh, South India". International Journal of Primatology. 21 (4): 721–730. doi:10.1023/A:1005573506489. S2CID 33800284.
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